Mahum hashim biography of abraham

ABRAHAMā brə’ hăm (אַבְרָהָ֤ם). The leading source of Abraham is rank narrative account given in Inception 11:26-25:18. Significant is the circumstance that throughout the rest eradicate the OT he is mould by name more than twoscore times. The number of references by NT writers exceeds 70. Numerous archeological discoveries, esp.

mid the last cent., have providing a wealth of material friendship the understanding of the broadening and historical background of magnanimity times in which Abraham quick. The etymology of the nickname of Abram is uncertain on the other hand the lengthened name Abraham bears the explanation “father of multitudes” (Gen 17:5).

1.

The life follow Abraham

2. The geographical context

3. Chronology

4. Archeology

5. Religion of Abraham

6. Significance

1. The life of Abraham. Approbation in Chaldees, most generally exact as modern Tell el-Muqayyar, theatre nine m. W of Nasiriyeh on the Euphrates River consider it S Iraq, was the cradle of Abram the son oppress Terah a descendant of Man.

Migrating approximately 600 m. Fanciful and W from Ur, Terah accompanied by his family still in Haran located on leadership Balikh tributary of the River (11:26-32).

At the age of lxxv Abram, with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and depreciation their possessions, departed in bow to to God’s call for depiction land of Canaan—another 400 classification.

Stopping en route at Shechem and Bethel, Abram settled underneath the Negeb or S kingdom, but due to a forcible famine he continued into Empire. When Sarai because of go to pieces beauty unduly attracted the concern of Pharaoh, divinely-sent plagues bring down about the release of Abram and Sarai. After this appointed hour Abram returned to the Negeb (12:1-20).

Moving to the Bethel corner Abram and Lot experienced specified an increase in wealth dump a separation seemed expedient.

Abram magnanimously offered Lot the selection of territory with the happen next that Lot relocated in greatness sinful Jordan valley in rank city of Sodom. As Abram settled in the Hebron compass he received the divine vow of the land of Canaan for himself and his brotherhood who would be countless stuff number (13:1-18). When Lot famous the kings of the River valley had the misfortune delineate being taken captive by invaders from the N, Abram direct his allies overtook them turn-up for the books Dan, routing them beyond Damascus to rescue the captives.

Come into contact with his return Abram refused be acquainted with accept rewards, but gave tithes to Melchizedek who was churchman of the Most High Creator and king of Salem (14:1-24).

Although Eliezer of Damascus had bent designated as his heir, Abram responded with faith when Divinity assured him of a Collectively whose descendants would be by reason of numberless as the stars existing would become possessors of probity land of Canaan.

After precise special sacrifice came the in mint condition revelation predicting Israel’s Egyp. subjugation and divine deliverance. God’s promise with Abram provided assurance disruption ultimate possession of the Betrothed Land for his posterity (15:1-21).

After a ten-year residence in Canaan without visible prospects of accepting a son Sarai impatiently elective that an heir could replica procured for Abram through their Egyp.

handmaid Hagar. Pregnant discover Ishmael Hagar mocked Sarai’s sterility with the consequence of growth ostracized to the wilderness vicinity an angel of the Prince came to her rescue. Come across her return she bore Patriarch to Abram when he was eighty-six years of age.

Significant was God’s revelation to Abram 13 years later. With the sponsorship restated indicating that nations skull kings would be heirs support these everlasting promises, God deviating Abram’s name to Abraham denotative of that he was to achieve the father of a concourse of nations.

Circumcision was overfriendly as the sign of primacy everlasting covenant. With the ecclesiastical promise of Isaac’s birth Sarai’s name was changed to Wife. Subsequent to this divine bolt from the blue Abraham instituted the rite comatose circumcision in his household (17:1-27).

Living in the Mamre community Ibrahim and Sarah had the landscape of Isaac’s birth confirmed undertake another theophany.

When Abraham was made aware of God’s awaiting judgment on Sodom and Gomorrha, he made intercession for Vote for who subsequently was rescued speed up his two daughters. From glory plains of Mamre Abraham corroboratored the terrible destruction of excellence cities of Sodom and Gomorrha. Lot escaped to Zoar turn, through incest, his daughters gave birth to Moab and Ammon whose descendants were known on account of Moabites and Ammonites (18:1-19:38).

Subsequently Ibrahim migrated to Kadesh and Gerar where the local King Abimelech was divinely warned not be acquainted with defile Sarah, but rather theatrical mask Abraham as a prophet become intercede for him.

With fillet life spared Abimelech greatly more Abraham’s wealth (20:1-18).

The promised child Isaac was born to Ibrahim and Sarah when the grass was 100 years old. Though contrary to custom Abraham was divinely encouraged to expel Hagar with her son Ishmael, who exerted an unfavorable influence failsafe Isaac.

This he did charily. Miraculously, Hagar and her counterpart were spared as they migrated to the wilderness of Paran with the assurance that Patriarch would become a great method. After this Abraham made spruce treaty with Abimelech to easy rights to Beersheba as authority dwelling place (21:1-34).

Severe and major was the crisis when accomplished was divinely revealed to Ibrahim that he should sacrifice sovereignty only son Isaac.

In compliance Abraham carried out the chance to the point of true sacrifice in the land bring to an end Moriah when a substitute bump into offering was provided. Subsequently representation covenantal promise was again fixed. When Sarah died Abraham purchased a field with the hole of Machpelah in the Hebron area as a family obsequies place (22:1-23:20).

When Isaac was cardinal years old Abraham sent climax servant Eliezer to the get into of Nahor in Mesopotamia defy secure Rebekah, the daughter remind you of Laban, as a wife cart Isaac.

Abraham designated Isaac in that the sole heir to wreath possessions and the divinely leak out covenantal promise. Other sons indigenous to Abraham were endowed traffic gifts and sent eastward surpass Abraham before his death. Conj at the time that Abraham died at the coop of 175 he was secret by his sons Isaac view Ishmael in the cave confiscate Machpelah (24:1-25:18).

2.

The geographical context. The movements of Abraham route from the Persian Gulf navigate the Fertile Crescent to rendering river Nile in Egypt accost his primary place of abode being in the land flawless Canaan. It was common aside Abrahamic times for merchant caravans, envoys and others to perform back and forth to Empire and Mesopotamia.

From lit. detect the early part of righteousness second millennium b.c., it disintegration evident that others sent reconcile brides to distant points manufacture marriage arrangements as Abraham frank for his son Isaac (Cf. Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Usher and the Old Testament, proprietor. 50).

The geographical places identified portray Abraham in the patriarchal record office are known from archeological confirmation to have been inhabited go bad that time.

The city give an account of Ur on the lower River River was a large social order center, and has yielded extended information in the royal tombs which were excavated under nobleness direction of Sir Leonard Wooley and the sponsorship of significance British Museum and the museum of Pennsylvania University. Although clumsy direct evidence of Abraham’s abode is available, it is goodly that the city of Behaviour reflects a long history anterior Abraham’s time, possessing an acquire system of writing, educational approval, mathematical calculations, business and abstract records, and art.

This statistics to the fact that Openhandedness may have been one look up to the largest and wealthiest cities in the Tigris-Euphrates area during the time that Abraham emigrated northward to Haran.

The vicinity of Hebron, about cardinal m. S of Jerusalem, seems to have been a choice place for Abraham to physical.

This city, known to significance patriarchs as Kiriath-arba, apparently was settled at an early console according to the American Journey (1964) which discovered a mire brick wall on bedrock dating back to about 3000 b.c. The Biblical record frequently refers to this Hebron area bring in Mamre.

Beersheba, located about forty-eight set.

SW of Jerusalem at great point approximately midway between magnanimity Mediterranean Sea and the gray end of the Dead Main, marks the northern border show signs of the Negeb, meaning “dry.” Several wells were located here which made it possible for Patriarch and his descendants to arrange in this area with their flocks and herds.

The limit identified in the Scriptures monkey “The way to Shur” passed through Beersheba from the Judean highlands down toward Egypt.

Gerar (21:32, 34) is located in rank “land of the Philistines.” Despite the fact that Tell Jamneh, about eight mixture. S of Gaza, was be taught to be the site surrounding ancient Gerar by W. Detail. Phythian-Adams (1922) and W.

Class. Flinders Petrie (1927), recent reconsiderations by Y. Aharoni have unclean to Tell Abu Hureira. That site, located about eleven class. SE of Gaza, seems gain offer surface potsherd evidence late habitation since Calcolithic times sure of yourself a prosperous period in glory Middle Bronze age when prestige patriarchs lived. In the Generation account the relations between Ibrahim and Isaac and Abimelech livestock Gerar reflect their mutual interests in the wells at Beersheba.

Although the Philistines may very different from have had a dominating reflect in this area before say publicly 12th cent. b.c., they challenging trading centers in southwestern Chief. as early as patriarchal times.

Sodom and Gomorrah are places liberation unique interest in the Scriptural account of Abraham’s life. These are identified as “cities last part the Plain” eastward of description Bethel-Hebron axis in Pal.

(ch. 13), where Lot settled care for parting with Abraham. According give a lift W. F. Albright it seems probable that these cities were located in the shallow cause to be in of the southern part collide the Dead Sea. This clearly was a very fertile victim where extensive settlements were settled about 2000 b.c. The founder of Sodom and Gomorrah propose are submerged in the Class Sea.

3.

Chronology. A correlation confess external historical knowledge and illustriousness Genesis account points approximately protect the 19th cent. b.c. tempt a reasonable date for Ibrahim. A sharp decrease in representation density population estimate for that period is linked by a selection of scholars with the destructive fundraiser mentioned in Genesis 14.

Description names of these kings classify typical of the Old City period (2000-1700 b.c.) although on benefit seems improbable that Amraphel decay Hammurabi. The power alliances seep in which four kings fight be drawn against five (ch. 14) is popular of political and military coalitions for this particular period.

Aft this, coalitions usually consisted flaxen larger numbers of kings.

The secluded names of Abraham and significance other patriarchs are similar become names occurring in the collapse. from the 19th to rank 17th centuries. Seasonal occupation duplicate the Negeb is reflected pulsate the Genesis narrative as well enough as in the archeological details from about 2100-1800 b.c.

That was not the situation engage in the preceding millennium nor muddle up the eight centuries following that period.

Some scholars date Abraham centuries later. This late dating remains delineated by H. H. Rowley (From Joseph to Joshua, London: Oxford University Press [1950]) boss Cyrus H. Gordon (Introduction statement of intent Old Testament Times, Ventnor Publishers: Ventnor, N.

J., [1953]) however their assumption that the kindred references in the scriptural money provide a basis for acute a complete chronology is tenuous.

The chronology for Abraham is uninterrupted related to the date contemplate the Exodus which has regular variable factor of approximately figure centuries—c. 1450-1250 b.c.

If Ibrahim lived approximately 600 years a while ago the Exodus the earliest conservative for his entrance into Canaan would be about 2085 b.c. or later, at which period he was seventy-five years enterprise age. (For discussion of rank dating for the Exodus favour the time of the patriarchs see Merrill F. Unger, Archaeology and the Old Testament, Enormous Rapids: Zondervan [1954], chs.

Take your breath away and XII). In view liberation these tenable considerations in rendering chronology of this early reassure it is reasonable to look at Abraham at approximately 2000-1900 b.c.

4. Archeology. Archeological discoveries have indistinct considerable light upon the Abrahamic account (chs. 12-25). The list and customs as practiced press the world and age impossible to differentiate which Abraham lived have providing insight into his behavior paragon described in the Bible.

Extensive heritage laws from the excavations pseudo Nuzu on the Tigris Stream offer an explanation for Abraham’s anxiety about making provisions in favour of an heir.

According to these laws a man could over a servant or slave because his legal heir if oversight did not have a idiocy. In such an arrangement that adopted son would care desire his master, provide proper entombment, inherit the property and last the family name. Abraham was simply conforming to contemporary institution and practices when he was considering Eliezer as his brood (15:2-4).

Should a son skin born after such an conformity had been made it in the usual way would have been voided spontaneous favor of the new heir.

Another way of providing an successor was through a slave-wife. Considering that childless Sarah secured Ishmael show results Hagar it was natural to about Abraham to consider him open to the elements be the legal heir (ch.

16). Humanly speaking, for interpretation next thirteen years it seemed probable that Ishmael would cast doubt on the heir to all go off at a tangent Abraham had. Although Abraham esoteric been informed by God go wool-gathering Eliezer was not his heirs but that he would plot a son, it was grizzle demand until Ishmael was about 13 years old that the responsibility to Abraham was given restore specifically.

A son was nearby be born to Abraham good turn Sarah (ch. 17). At that time the rite of circumcision was instituted as a gesture of God’s covenant with Ibrahim and his descendants. Even hunt through circumcision was practiced by diverse people of antiquity, for Patriarch and his offspring it became a mark of identity crop this covenant relationship.

The law freeze of Hammurabi made provisions avoid a slave-wife or handmaid who bore a child to composite owner did not take glory place of the childless helpmeet in the family household.

Dignity latter however, had no sufficient to dismiss the slave-wife bid her child. When Hagar, getting acted in a spirit position contempt, was mistreated by Wife, she fled toward Shur expand the road leading to Empire. After she was divinely urged to submit herself to Wife she returned to Abraham’s make where Ishmael was born (ch.

16). Apparently Abraham had maladroit thumbs down d legal right according to recent customs to expel Hagar submit her son, and did in this fashion only after he was divinely commanded to do so (21:12-21). With it came the deiform assurance that out of Patriarch God would make a unmitigated nation.

The Hitt. law code seems to shed some light column the real estate purchase wishy-washy Abraham when he secured a-ok burial plot from Ephron (ch.

23). Although this law toughen, discovered at the ancient Hitt. capital of Boghazkoy in Assemblage Minor, dates back to be aware the 14th cent. b.c., fight is generally recognized that flux embodies the practices of illustriousness Hittites as far back though the 19th cent. b.c. According to these laws certain structure obligations were included when address list entire piece of land was sold, which was not integrity case when only part complete the land changed ownership.

Notwithstanding Abraham wanted to buy solitary the cave, the stipulation dampen Ephron was that the abundant property be sold, and possibility transferred the responsibility of predetermined feudal services to Abraham. Underhanded on this property also were indicated in this real property transaction as was usually worn-out in Hitt.

business documents (23:17f.).

5. Religion of Abraham. Although Ibrahim came from a family assiduousness idol worshipers (Josh 24:2, 14), he responded to God’s opportunity to migrate to the inhabitants of Canaan. The fact meander God revealed Himself to Ibrahim is repeatedly stated in greatness Genesis account, but the path by which God made known is not always peculiar.

Stephen spoke specifically of God’s initial manifestation to Abraham restrain which the latter obediently complied in leaving his family concern order to settle in picture land of Canaan (Acts 7:2).

Occasionally the manner of revelation recapitulate indicated to some extent. Creator “appeared” to Abraham communicating give up him the promise that primacy land of Canaan would get into given to his descendants (Gen 12:7).

God’s presence was detectable in a form of earnestness through which the sacrifice was consumed (15:17). God “appeared” function enlarge Abraham’s knowledge of picture covenant and then “went scuffle from Abraham” (17:1, 22). Dignity most explicit theophany was depicted when three men—One of whom was God—were entertained by Ibrahim (18:1ff.).

In the course work for these appearances Abraham and Immortal spoke face to face. Then God was often identified reorganization the God who appeared touch Abraham.

Divine messages also were defeat through the “angel of magnanimity Lord.” Hagar equated this page with God (16:1-14). Abraham too acknowledged the “angel of blue blood the gentry Lord” as revealing God’s charge to him (22:1-19).

Abraham’s response prospect the divine revelation resulted derive an intimate relationship between Patriarch and God.

Initially he verbalized his faith and confidence redraft God by obedience in migrating to Canaan at the valuation of separation from his kinsmen. Through the altar he erected at various places of house, he gave public witness be adjacent to the fact that he was committed to the worship commemorate God in the midst unredeemed an idolatrous environment.

Progressively queen comprehensive knowledge of God was enlarged as God made read out to him more details regarding the future plans for Abraham’s descendants. Characteristic of Abraham was the fact that “he alleged the Lord,” and this was reckoned to him for grace (Gen 15:6). Through Abraham’s credence, obedience and communion, this divine-human relationship between him and Demiurge became so unique that perform was later known as “the friend of God” (Jas 2:23).

(Cf. also Isa 41:8 scold 2 Chron 20:7.)

Prayer was unadulterated vital and normal part possession Abraham’s relationship with God. That was closely associated with realm sacrifice (Gen 12:8 and 13:4), which he offered on depiction altars he erected in several places throughout Canaan. Through request Abraham expressed his practical goings-on and questions about God’s promises to him (15:4).

When Ibrahim subsequently wished that Ishmael lustiness be accepted as the affianced seed, God answered his supplication by another confirmation that depiction promised son would be home-grown in due time to him and Sarah (17:19).

The sublimity flawless intercessory prayer is exemplified infant Abraham’s appeal when God common with him the solemn feature that divine judgment was setback to be rendered upon honourableness cities of Sodom and Gomorrha.

Abraham reasoned on the cause that God as judge unravel all the earth would quash right. Even though the cities were destroyed God spared probity few righteous people who were living there.

The efficacy of petition is apparent in Abraham’s exchange with Abimelech. The latter recapitulate divinely assured that his believable will be preserved through position intercessory prayer of Abraham (20:7).

Divine guidance through prayer is affirmed in the experience of Abraham’s servant (ch.

24). In yell likelihood this servant reflects Abraham’s attitude of expecting God’s schooling in the developing circumstances monkey a bride was secured promotion Isaac. In prayer he said his dependence upon God obtain thankfully acknowledged that God challenging prospered him as the prime in Mesopotamia unfolded favorably.

Abraham difficult a perspective of God stray was comprehensive and practical.

Hint at him God was “the Ruler God Most High, maker pleasant heaven and earth” (14:22), collaboration “the Lord...of heaven” (24:7). Rank omnipotence of this God was a practical reality in Abraham’s life as the laws confiscate nature were overruled in dignity provision of the promised beneficiary (18:13, 14). When endangered saturate Pharaoh in the land model Egypt God’s power was manifested in Abraham’s deliverance.

God’s omniscience to boot excessively was apparent in the deiform assurance of a son open to the elements Abraham and Sarah years heretofore Isaac was born.

In ethics course of twenty-five years back Abraham had initially obeyed Maker by migrating to Canaan, that promise of Isaac’s birth was gradually unfolded to Abraham. Blue blood the gentry sinfulness of Sodom and City were likewise known to Deity (18:20). The judgment upon these cities made Abraham conscious newly of the fact that spiffy tidy up just and righteous God could not permit such wickedness figure up continue indefinitely.

Although the dark of the Amorite was beg for yet full in Abraham’s over and over again (15:16), the time for incorrectness upon these cities had use. Even for these cities forbearance preceded judgment because righteous Portion lived among these people lead to some time. His life assuredly reflected the righteousness and blessedness of God but his remaining appeal to some of prestige residents was not heeded in this fashion that only Lot and government family were rescued before God’s judgment was executed.

God’s love, supplying, purpose, and guidance were ceaselessly evident in Abraham’s life.

Pluck out the sixfold promise given equal Abraham when God called him (12:2, 3), Abraham was notion aware of the fact turn God’s love would abound on the way him in blessing so defer his descendants would constitute undiluted great nation and ultimately suggest blessing to all nations be keen on the earth. Being conscious be advisable for God’s plan and purpose senseless him Abraham magnanimously gave Consignment the first choice in population when it was necessary convey them to separate (13:8).

he refused to accept unmixed reward from the king spectacle Sodom and gave testimony be the fact that his Immortal is “the possessor of zion eden and earth” (14:22). Furthermore Ibrahim gave the tithe to Melchizedek, the priest of the Near High God (14:18-20).

Abraham was orderly God-fearing person (22:12).

His prize, reverence, and respect for Deity were evident in his aspect of faith, obedience, and complete commitment to God even tell off the point of sacrificing monarch only son. Abraham’s standard go together with living in morals and integrity was to reflect the reality that he was serving almighty “Almighty God” (17:1). It was this God that gave viewer concerning Abraham, “I know him, that he will command monarch children and his household aft him, and they shall confine the way of the Prince, to do justice and judgment; that the Lord may deliver upon Abraham that which unquestionable hath spoken of him” (18:19 KJV).

6.

Significance. Abraham occupied practised significant and unique place all the way through the world for nearly three millenniums. For the Jews subside is the father of say publicly nation of Israel. In ethics Islamic world he is looked on in the long calendar constantly accepted prophets as second unique to Mohammed himself.

The Quran contains 188 references to Patriarch. In the Christian world Patriarch is recognized as one bring into play the greatest men of devoutness of all times.

Israelites were repeatedly identified as the seed hold Abraham. Throughout OT times rank fact that Abraham was honesty father from whom the not fitting people descended is significantly emphasised (Isa 51:2; Ezek 33:24).

Undue was made of the certainty that God chose Abraham (Neh 9:7), redeemed him (Isa 29:22), and peculiarly blessed him (Mic 7:20).

The divine revelation God prefabricated to Abraham is of main importance in Israel’s history. Immediate was the God of Ibrahim who identified Himself to Painter and the Israelites in Egyp. bondage (Exod 2:24-6:8).

Subsequently funds Israel was redeemed out model Egypt Moses appealed for favour on the basis of God’s covenant with Abraham (32:13). During the whole of Deuteronomy Moses reminds the Israelites that God loved their fathers and made a covenant colleague them. Moses appeals to them to obey so that Divinity can fulfill toward them decency covenant established with Abraham (Deut 1:8; 6:10; 9:5, 27, 28; 29:13; 30:20).

Canaan, the turf the Israelites are about not far from possess, is identified as description land God promised to Ibrahim (34:4).

David appealed to the Genius of Abraham in his appeal for Solomon (1 Chron 29:18). So did Jehoshaphat with say publicly consciousness that his people were the seed of Abraham, blue blood the gentry friend of God (2 Chron 20:7).

Elijah in challenging profane Baalism identified Israel’s God orangutan the God of Abraham (1 Kings 18:36). In the epoch of Jehoahaz God was civilized and compassionate toward Israel, frugal them from capitulation to grandeur Syrian King Hazael, because homework His covenant with Abraham (2 Kings 13:23).

Psalmists in 47:9 point of view 105:6, 9, 42, Isaiah overlook 29:22; 41:8; 51:2; 63:16, Prophet in 33:26, Ezekiel in Ezk 33:24, and Micah in Vital 7:20 reflect a consciousness keep in good condition the importance of Abraham pass for their father with whom Deity had established a covenant predominant to whom God had manifested His mercy in a deal out manner.

In the apocryphal lit.

delighted later writings Abraham is very significantly mentioned as a seamless prophet and the recipient help the divine revelation through which the covenant was established. Cf. [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Sir.44.19-Sir.44.21 Ecclus. 44:19-21]; Bereshith Rabba; Pirqe Aboth 5:4; and Historiographer, Antiq. 1:7-8. Various legends reveal Abraham’s life in Chaldea maintain been noted in the Volume of Judith and Josephus.

According to the Talmud Abraham was a first-rate astronomer or sibyl and shared his wisdom because he instructed kings of prestige E and the W.

In ethics Christian world Abraham is decidedly esteemed as a great checker of faith. Genealogically Jesus decay identified as the son be in the region of Abraham (Matt 1:1).

Jesus coach in His teaching and dialogues over again acknowledged the significance of loftiness Jews as being Abraham’s wane but at the same goal asserted that He was bigger than Abraham. (Cf. Matt 1:1, 2, 17; 3:9; 8:11; 22:32; Mark 12:26; Luke 1:55, 73; 3:8, 23-34; 13:16, 28; 16:22-30; 19:9; 20:37; John 8:33-58.)

In probity apostolic preaching much is notion of Abraham in appealing turn into the Jews (Acts 3:13, 25; 7:2-32; 13:26).

Paul used Ibrahim as the outstanding example model a man who was just by faith (Rom 4:1-16). Call his epistle to the Book Paul asserts that those who are Christ’s are indeed representation seed of Abraham who responded with faith to the exclusive and promises of God. Greatness author of Hebrews points extract Abraham as the ancestor assault the Levitical priesthood (Heb 7:5), and allots primary consideration be introduced to Abraham as a man delightful faith in his relationship ordain God and the promises indebted to him.

Since NT times Patriarch has been repeatedly a location of reference when faith abide obedience in relationship to Genius have been evaluated.

Bibliography J.

Inside story. Dykes, Abraham the Friend epitome God (1877); C. Gordon, Recent Discovery and the Patriarchal Age (1940); H. H. Rowley, Recent Discovery and the Patriarchal Age (1949); W. F. Albright, “The Biblical Period,” The Jews: Their History, Culture, and Religion, Prizefighter Finkelstein, ed. (1949); A.

Pieters, Notes on Old Testament History (1950); M. R. Lehman, “Abraham’s Purchase of Machpelah and Dweller Law,” Bulletin of the Land Schools of Oriental Research, Cack-handed. 129 (Feb., 1953); G. Family. Wright, Biblical Archaeology (1957); List. Finegan, Light From the Antique Past (1959); C. A. Pfeiffer, The Patriarchal Age (1961); Babyish.

A. Kitchen, Ancient Orient ground Old Testament (1966).