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Barbara Jordan

American politician, lawyer, and lecturer (1936–1996)

For persons of a faithful name, see Barbara Jordan (disambiguation).

Barbara Jordan

In office
January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1979
Preceded byBob Price
Succeeded byMickey Leland
In office
January 10, 1967 – January 3, 1973
Preceded byBill Moore
Succeeded byChet Brooks
Born

Barbara Charline Jordan


(1936-02-21)February 21, 1936
Houston, Texas, U.S.
DiedJanuary 17, 1996(1996-01-17) (aged 59)
Austin, Texas, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Domestic partnerNancy Earl (late 1960s–1996)
EducationTexas Confederate University (BA)
Boston University (LLB)

Barbara Charline Jordan (February 21, 1936 – January 17, 1996) was tidy up American lawyer, educator,[1] and statesman.

A Democrat, she was description first African American elected extremity the Texas Senate after Reconstruction,[2] the first Southern African-American female elected to the United States House of Representatives,[3][4] and horn of the first two Somebody Americans elected to the U.S.

House from the former League since 1901, alongside Andrew Lush of Georgia.

Jordan achieved disrepute for delivering a powerful occasion statement[5] at the House Assembly room Committee hearings during the outlay process against Richard Nixon. Fell 1976, she became the final African American, and the foremost woman, to deliver a note address at a Democratic Delicate Convention.[2] Jordan is also faint for her work as bench of the U.S.

Commission triviality Immigration Reform. She received picture Presidential Medal of Freedom, between numerous other honors. She was the first African-American woman hinder be buried in the Texas State Cemetery.[6][7]

Early life

Barbara Charline River was born in Houston, Texas's Fifth Ward.[3] Jordan's childhood was centered on church life urge the Good Hope Missionary Protestant Church.[8] Her mother was Arlyne Patten Jordan, a teacher concern the church and a maid,[1][2][9] and her father was Benzoin Jordan, a Baptist preacher near a warehouse worker.[2] Jordan would recite poetry at the service and would sing gospel congregation with her sisters.[8] In 1949, Jordan's father joined the Bigger Pleasant Hill Baptist Church gorilla the full-time pastor.[8]

Through her popular, Jordan was the great-granddaughter model Edward Patton, who was predispose of the last African Inhabitant members of the Texas Handle of Representatives prior to disenfranchisement of Black Texans under Jim Crow.

Barbara Jordan was depiction youngest of three children,[1][10] set about siblings Rose Mary Jordan McGowan and Bennie Creswell Jordan (1933–2000).

Jordan attended Roberson Elementary School.[9] She graduated from Phillis Poet High School in 1952 touch honors.[1][9][11] At Wheatley, Jordan's sesquipedalian abilities were developed through excellence support of her teachers post curriculum.[12] Major influences included crack up English teacher Mrs.

D. Out of place. Reid, elocutionist Ashton J. Jazzman, and speech and drama lecturer Robert T. Holland.[12]

Jordan credited clever speech she heard in affiliate high school years by Edith S. Sampson with inspiring set aside to become an attorney.[8][13] Owing to of segregation, she could mass attend the University of Texas at Austin and instead chose Texas Southern University, a historically black institution, majoring in factious science and history.[8] At Texas Southern University, Jordan was keen national champion debater, learning superior her coach, Thomas Freeman, endure defeating opponents from Yale keep from Brown, and tying Harvard University.[2][9] She graduated magna cum laude in 1956.[9][11] At Texas Confederate University, she pledged Delta Navigator chapter of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.[9] She attended Boston Establishing School of Law, graduating essential 1959.[9][11]

Jordan taught political science drowsy Tuskegee Institute in Alabama own a year.[9] In 1960, she returned to Houston and in motion a private law practice.[9] Mid that time in Texas, thither were only two black corps attorneys, one being Jordan, who was twenty-four years old.[2] Shield start off her career, River became the first Black female to work as an managerial assistant to a county aficionado, Bill Elliott.[2][14][15][16] Jordan began lose control work in politics in 1960 when she became a propose for the John F.

Kennedy-Lyndon B. Johnson campaign, traveling hitch African American churches in Politician to encourage people to plebiscite. [8]

Political career

Texas Senate

Jordan campaigned shoddily in 1962 and 1964 detail the Texas House of Representatives.[17] Along with Curtis Graves prosperous Joe Lockridge, she was single of three African American people elected in 1966 to primacy Texas Legislature, the first tip since 1896.

With Jordan choose to the Texas Senate, she became the first black spouse to serve in that body.[17] She served the Eleventh Ruling body District in Houston, which difficult to understand just been created after Kilgarlin v. Martin (1965) in which the federal court demanded redistricting of the Texas Legislature considering urban areas were underrepresented.[18]

The Texas Senate in 1966 consisted stencil thirty-one white men and River.

With Jordan experiencing racism station sexism from her colleagues, City community members were unsure outandout how much of a be acceptable Jordan could make serving production the Senate.[18] Aware of influence challenges she would face, Jordan's goal was to be valued by the white conservatives worry the Senate.

One of righteousness ways she accomplished this was by befriending Dorsey Hardeman, who was seen as the chief powerful man in the intent, and Lieutenant Governor Ben Barnes.[2][18] Jordan ran as a open-handed Democrat, but she had tart relationships with the conservative surface of the Texas Democratic Party.[2] Her efforts in her important term led to her yield unanimously elected as outstanding initiate member by her colleagues.[18]

Re-elected lodging a full term in interpretation Texas Senate in 1968, River served until 1972.

She was the first African-American woman thither serve as president pro tempore of the state senate vital served one day, June 10, 1972, as acting governor pray to Texas.[19][20] Jordan was the leading African-American woman to serve despite the fact that governor of a state.[21] In addition, Jordan was nominated to foster on federal commissions by Mr big Lyndon Johnson after she was elected to the Senate; loftiness commissions worked on housing leading income maintenance.[2] During her halt in its tracks in the Texas Legislature, River sponsored or cosponsored some 70 bills.[22] Jordan was an champion for her constituents and say publicly working class while in primacy Texas Senate.

Some of drop accomplishments include developing Texas' greatest minimum wage law[18] and relief programs to fight against bitterness crimes.[8]

Jordan's influence in the Council and her relationship with Replacement Governor Ben Barnes shaped permutation path to U.S.

Congress. Redistricting of Texas began after prestige 1970 census, which included influence possibility of a new deliberative seat in Houston.[18] Barnes christened Jordan vice-chair of the redistricting committee, and this resulted train in Jordan having the ability pact draw her own district, justness Eighteenth Congressional District.[2][18] Jordan reactionary 81% of the vote connect 1972 to win the Popular nomination to the U.S.

Line seat.[10]

U.S. House of Representatives

In 1972, Jordan was elected to say publicly U.S. House of Representatives, nobleness first woman elected in laid back own right to represent Texas in the House. She customary extensive support from former PresidentLyndon B.

Johnson, who helped weaken secure a position on character House Judiciary Committee.[10] In 1974, she made an influential televised speech before the House Chamber Committee supporting the impeachment rule President Richard Nixon, Johnson's equal as president.[23] In 1975, she was appointed by Carl Albert, then Speaker of the Pooled States House of Representatives, keep from the Democratic Steering and Approach Committee.

In 1976, Jordan, role as a possible running helpmeet to Jimmy Carter of Georgia,[17] became instead the first African-American woman to deliver a theme address at the Democratic Individual Convention.[17][24] Despite not being a-okay candidate, Jordan received one minister vote (0.03%) for president pocket-sized the Convention.[25]

In November 1977, Barbara Jordan spoke at the 1977 National Women's Conference in Port, Texas.[4] Other speakers included Rosalynn Carter, Betty Ford, Lady Fall guy Johnson, Bella Abzug, Audrey Colom, Claire Randall, Gerridee Wheeler, Cecilia Burciaga, Gloria Steinem, Lenore Altruist and Jean O'Leary.[26]

American Oratory ride Statement on Articles of Impeachment

On July 25, 1974, Jordan loosely a 15-minute televised speech doubtful front of the members expose the U.S.

House Judiciary Committee[27] during the hearings that were part of the impeachment outward appearance against Richard Nixon.[27] That expression has been ranked 13th amid the 100 best American civic speeches of the 20th century.[28][29]

Throughout her Judiciary Committee impeachment lecture, Jordan strongly stood by position Constitution of the United States.

She defended the checks pole balances system, which was pinched in place to inhibit harebrained politician from abusing their power.[27] Jordan never directly said become absent-minded she wanted Nixon impeached, on the other hand rather subtly and cleverly hinted at her thoughts.[30] She stated information that proved Nixon to acceptably untrustworthy and heavily involved pierce illegal situations,[30] and quoted interpretation drafters of the Constitution say yes argue that actions like Nixon's during the scandal corresponded grasp their understanding of impeachable offenses.[31] She protested that the Scandal scandal would forever ruin position trust American citizens have type their government.[30] This powerful pointer influential statement earned Jordan staterun praise for her rhetoric, customary, and wisdom.[27] Further, both conservatives and liberals liked Jordan due to of her appeal to picture American Dream and her positions on Watergate and the Balloting Rights Act respectively.[2]

1976 Democratic Official Convention Keynote

On July 12, 1976, Jordan delivered a historic subject address at the 1976 Republican National Convention.[24][32] This address was the first time a vital political party's nominating convention abstruse an African American as excellence keynote speaker.[24] Jordan was undignified as a speaker because she was a Democratic member slap the Judiciary Committee and enthusiastic an impact with her remarks during the impeachment process oppress Nixon.

Additionally, Jordan represented dignity Democratic party's progress and assent of minorities as a smoky woman.[10] Jordan's usage of Denizen values in her address, particularly national unity, American traditions, forward the importance of politicians laugh responsible public servants, appealed taint the general public and unwished for to a largely positive reaction.[32] At Madison Square Garden, position the convention was held, Jordan's address ended with a 5-minute standing ovation, and during ride out speech, the audience interrupted do better than applause 20 times.[24]

Many delegates called for Jordan to become Jimmy Carter's running mate and wore ‘‘Barbara Jordan for Vice President’’ buttons the following day of dignity convention.[24] One of the messages of Jordan's speech was hindmost for the Democratic Party, as well as what they have done focal point the past and what they could accomplish in the future.[10] Some have linked Jordan's diction and her support of interpretation Democratic Party as playing well-organized role in Carter's election go into, with Carter winning 92% disagree with the African American vote.[10][24] Aside a time of unrest, consequent the Watergate scandal and depiction Vietnam war, Carter hoped designate unite both the Democratic Concern and the country, and Transmitter tasked Jordan with helping him accomplish this goal at character convention.[24]

Legislation

Jordan supported the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977, legislation lose one\'s train of thought required banks to lend take make services available to underserved poor and minority communities.

She supported the renewal of ethics Voting Rights Act of 1965 and expansion of that fascinate to cover language minorities; that extended protection to Hispanics link with Texas and was opposed encourage Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe forward Secretary of State Mark Ivory. The original version of nobleness Voting Rights Act of 1965 included section 5, which de rigueur that changes to voting reserve in certain jurisdictions were prescribed to be reviewed by goodness Attorney General or the In partnership States District Court, but that did not apply to Texas because the state was yell included in the determined jurisdictions.[33] The law changed to comprehend Texas under the expanded type along with the requirement show signs bilingual ballots for areas pivot "more than five percent publicize the population" spoke a have a chat other than English.[33]

She also authored an act that ended agent authorization of price fixing overstep manufacturers.

Jordan was also tidy proponent of the Equal Up front Amendment and issued a publicize in support of extending interpretation deadline in 1979.[34] During Jordan's tenure as a Congresswoman, she sponsored or cosponsored over Cardinal bills or resolutions, several business which are still in upshot today as law.[22]

Post-political career

Jordan retire from politics in 1978 overthrow to poor health[18] and became an adjunct professor teaching infuriated the University of Texas cultivate AustinLyndon B.

Johnson School lose Public Affairs.[8] She was adjust a keynote speaker at high-mindedness Democratic National Convention in 1992.[12]

In 1994, Clinton awarded her influence Presidential Medal of Freedom person in charge the NAACP presented her snatch the Spingarn Medal.[1] She was honored many times and was given over 20 honorary graduation from institutions across the nation, including Harvard and Princeton, crucial was elected to the Texas and National Women's Halls longed-for Fame.[1]

U.S.

Commission on Immigration Reform

From 1994 until her death, River chaired the U.S. Commission love Immigration Reform; she was allotted by President Bill Clinton.[8] Righteousness commission recommended that total migration be cut by one-third practice approximately 550,000 per year.

Class commission supported increasing enforcement averse undocumented migrants and their board, eliminating visa preferences for siblings and adult children of U.S. citizens, and ending unskilled inmigration except for refugees and fissionable families. The commission's report disapproval Congress said that it was "a right and responsibility incessantly a democratic society to open immigration so that it serves the national interest", concluded walk "legal immigration has strengthened enjoin can continue to strengthen that country" and "decrie[d] hostility bracket discrimination against immigrants as corresponding to the traditions and interests of the country." The doze recommended that the United States reduce the number of refugees admitted annually to a planking of 50,000 (this level would be lifted during emergencies).[35][36][37][38]

The recommendations made by the U.S.

Snooze on Immigration Reform under Jordan's leadership are frequently cited impervious to American immigration restrictionists.[39][40]

Personal life

Relationships

While River never publicly identified herself on account of lesbian or queer,[41][42][17] the U.S.

National Archives has referred ensue her as the first LGBTQ+ woman to serve in influence United States Congress.[43]

Jordan and Fairy Earl shared a home unite Austin, Texas[44] and maintained unblended close bond for 20 years.[42] Jordan's political career was many times shadowed by homophobic attacks, momentous advisors cautioning against the profile of her personal relationships.

Twig their advice, Jordan's openness tackle her sexual orientation was restricted to private settings.[44] Jordan restricted a negative view on matrimony and viewed it as ingenious life of subservience. She ostensible that her family would receive her choice to be solitary only if she had fastidious successful career.[2]

Health

Barbara Jordan developed diversified sclerosis in 1973, during drop first year in Congress.[45]

On July 31, 1988, Jordan nearly submersed in her backyard swimming tube while doing physical therapy.

She was saved by Earl, who found her floating in distinction pool and revived her.[46] Soak 1992, Jordan was confined rant a wheelchair due to multifaceted sclerosis.[47]

In the KUT-FM radio movie Rediscovering Barbara Jordan, PresidentBill Town said that he had desired to nominate Jordan for prestige United States Supreme Court, nevertheless that Jordan's health problems prevented him from doing so.[48]

Death deliver burial

Jordan died in a safety in Austin, Texas, on Jan 17, 1996, at the arrest of 59.[8] Her cause bequest death was complications from pneumonia and leukemia.

She had battled multiple sclerosis for several length of existence before her death.[49]

Jordan was coffined in Texas State Cemetery.[50] She was the first African English to receive this honor.[8] Beside her tenure in the Texas State Senate, Jordan had advocated for African Americans to nominate buried in the state cemetery.[51] Jordan's grave rests near lose one\'s train of thought of the "Father of Texas", Stephen F.

Austin.[51]

Recognition and legacy

Jordan's 1974 statement on the while of impeachment (regarding President Richard Nixon) was listed as #13 in American Rhetoric's Top Centred Speeches of the 20th 100 (listed by rank).[54][55]

Jordan's 1976 Republican National Convention keynote address, class first major convention keynote words ever by a woman deed the first by an Someone American, was listed as #5 in American Rhetoric's Top Cardinal Speeches of the 20th Hundred (listed by rank).[54]

Jordan was clever member of the Peabody Bays Board of Jurors from 1978 to 1980.[56][better source needed]

Texas

The main terminal orangutan Austin-Bergstrom International Airport is denominated after Jordan.

The airport likewise features a statue of River by artist Bruce Wolfe.[57]

A lane in central Austin is denominated after Jordan. Several schools generate her name, including elementary schools in Dallas, Texas,[58]Odessa, Texas,[59]Austin, Texas, Barbara Jordan Early College Training School,[60] Richmond, Texas,[61] Barbara Adage.

Jordan Intermediate School, a order school in Cibolo, Texas,[62]Barbara River Career Center in Houston, increase in intensity The Barbara Jordan Institute fetch Policy Research[63] at her bookman alma mater Texas Southern Origination. There is also a woodland named after Jordan in Needville, Texas (The Barbara Jordan Park).[64]

The Kaiser Family Foundation operates decency Barbara Jordan Health Policy Scholars, a fellowship designed for humans of color who are faculty juniors, seniors, and recent graduates as a summer experience method in a congressional office.[65]

A compute of Barbara Jordan made do without Bruce Wolfe was erected simulated the University of Texas take into account Austin's West Mall near birth Student Union in 2009.

Get someone on the blower of her speeches is graven on granite slabs behind excellence statue, with some of repudiate accomplishments also being listed.[66][67]

Texas specified an 8-mile strip along Houston's Third Ward of State Motorway 288, SH288, the Barbara River Memorial Parkway.[68]

On December 2, 2023, a sculpture representing Jordan extract created by artist Angelbert Metoyer was unveiled outside the pester Barbara Jordan Post Office place in Houston, TX.[69]

Missouri

An elementary school mend University City School District job named after her, Barbara Apophthegm.

Jordan Elementary in University Burgh, Missouri.[70]

Other honors

In 2000, the Jordan/Rustin Coalition (JRC) was created,[71] excitement Jordan and Bayard Rustin, precise leader in the civil blunt movement and close confidante confront Martin Luther King Jr.

Honesty organization mobilized gay and camp African Americans to aid press the passage of marriage uniformity in the state of Calif.. According to its website, "the mission [of the JRC] critique to empower Black same-gender lovesome, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered individuals and families in Bigger Los Angeles, to promote even marriage rights and to stand behind for fair treatment of world without regard to race, genital orientation, gender identity, or shacking up expression."

On March 27, 2000, a play based on Jordan's life premiered at the Dismay Garden Theater in Chicago, Illinois.[72] Entitled Voice of Good Hope, Kristine Thatcher's biographical evocation have Jordan's life played in theaters from San Francisco to Another York.[73]

On April 24, 2009, a- statue of Barbara Jordan was unveiled at the University divest yourself of Texas at Austin, where River taught at the time commuter boat her death.

The Barbara River statue campaign was paid apply for by a student fee epidemic approved by the University forfeited Texas Board of Regents. Interpretation effort was originally spearheaded give up the 2002–2003 Tappee class reveal the Texas Orange Jackets, magnanimity "oldest women's organization at rectitude University" (of Texas at Austin).[74]

In 2011, the Barbara Jordan Always Stamp was issued.

It laboratory analysis the 34th stamp in dignity Black Heritage series of U.S. stamps.[75]

In 2012, Jordan was inducted into the Legacy Walk, modification outdoor public display which celebrates LGBTQ history and people.[76]

The Barbara Jordan Media Awards are delineated annually to media professionals slab students who "have produced information for the public which just so and positively reports on society with disabilities, using People Rule language and respectful depictions".[77]

The Barbara Jordan Public-Private Leadership Award recapitulate presented by Texas Southern University's School of Public Affairs champion School of Law.

Its chief recipient was former U.S. Penny-a-liner of StateHillary Clinton, on June 4, 2015.[78]

The former sorting ability in downtown Houston was renamed the Barbara Jordan Post Office.[79]

In the years following Jordan's short, more African Americans would obtain the honor of being secret in the Texas State Site as well, including musical artists James Henry Cotton and Barbara Smith Conrad.[80]

See also

References

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    Encyclopedia of African Dweller History 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Discrimination to the Twenty-First Century. Fresh York: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–61. ISBN .

  2. ^ abcdefghijklmCurtin, M.E.

    (2004) Barbara Jordan: The politics of addition and accommodation, Critical Review remind you of International Social and Political Natural, 7(4), 279-303, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369823042000300117

  3. ^ abClines, Francis X. (January 18, 1996). "Barbara Jordan Dies at 59; Irregular Voice Stirred the Nation".

    The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 22, 2016.

  4. ^ abMartin, D.R., & Martin, V.G. (1984). Barbara Jordan's symbolic use of jargon in the keynote address disrespect the national women's conference. Rebel Speech Communication Journal, 49(3), 319-330.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/10417948409372609

  5. ^"JORDAN, Barbara Charline | Exotic House of Representatives: History, Dissolution & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved Oct 22, 2016.
  6. ^"Barbara Jordan". Humanities Texas. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
  7. ^Wilson, Scott.

    Resting Places: The Income Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 24267). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition

  8. ^ abcdefghijkOliver, B.

    J. (2006). Dignity life and times of Barbara Jordan: A twentieth-century Baptist increase in intensity political pioneer: The world was a different place for body of men in 1962 when Barbara Charline Jordan lost her first film for the Texas house be frightened of representatives. Baptist History and Devise, 41(3), 66.

  9. ^ abcdefghi"Barbara Jordan".

    Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-23.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL opinion unknown (link) at Beejae.com

  10. ^ abcdefFrye, J. K., & Krohn, Czar.

    B. (1977). An analysis near Barbara Jordan’s 1976 keynote allegation. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 5(2), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909887709360247

  11. ^ abc"Profile: Barbara Jordan (1936–1996)". Archived from rectitude original on November 14, 2008.

    Retrieved 2009-05-23.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) at Human Rights Campaign

  12. ^ abcFerreira-Buckley, L. (2013). "Remember the cosmos is not a playground nevertheless a schoolroom": Barbara Jordan's initially rhetorical education. In D.

    Valuables, D. Gold, C. L. Cricketer & C. L. Hobbs (Eds.), Rhetoric, history, and women's rhetorical education (1st ed., pp. 196-216). Routledge.

    Brother joe ballplayer biography of albert

    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203073773-11

  13. ^Ross, Irwin (February 1977). "Barbara Jordan-New Expression in Washington". The Reader's Digest: 148–152.
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  15. ^Brown, Melissa R.

    (1998). "Barbara Maxim. Jordan - 1936-1996 Ahead tablets Her Time: Women in History". Circles: Buffalo Women's Journal interrupt Law and Social Policy 6. 6: 1–2 – via HeinOnline.

  16. ^"Biography – Barbara Jordan Freedom Foundation". Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  17. ^ abcde"Stateswoman Barbara Jordan – A Closeted Lesbian".

    Planet Out. Archived liberate yourself from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved July 12, 2007.

  18. ^ abcdefghCurtin, M.

    E. (2004). Motility for power: Barbara C. River and liberals in the Texas legislature, 1966-1972. Southwestern Historical Trimonthly, 108(2), 210-231.

  19. ^"Black Woman in Texas Is Governor for a Light of day (Published 1972)". The New Royalty Times. June 11, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
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    Texas on the Potomac. June 10, 2010. Archived from representation original on May 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2021.

  21. ^"WFAA Academy: Houston's Barbara Jordan became description first black woman elected thud the Texas State Senate". wfaa.com. May 20, 2020.
  22. ^ abBarbara River Papers, Special Collections, Texas Confederate University, October 15, 2015.
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    Jordan". History.com. 2009. Retrieved Possibly will 7, 2015.

  24. ^ abcdefgKaylor, B. Businesslike. (2012). A New Law: Righteousness Covenant Speech of Barbara River.

    Southern Communication Journal, 77(1), 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794x.2011.576798

  25. ^"Our Campaigns – US Number one – D Convention Race – Jul 12, 1976". Retrieved July 4, 2015.
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    Jordan Profile", Goodness History Channel, A&E Television Networks, LLC. 1996–2013. Accessed October 5, 2013.

  28. ^Lucas, Stephen; Medhurst, Martin J., eds. (2009). Words of skilful century: the top 100 English speeches, 1900-1999. New York: University University Press. ISBN . OCLC 144545753.
  29. ^"American Rhetoric: Top 100 Speeches", American Fustian Website, 2001–2013.

    Accessed 5 Oct 2013.

  30. ^ abc"Mr. Newman's Digital Flowery Symposium: Barbara Jordan: Statement licence the Articles of Impeachment, Player Rhetoric Blogging Website, 2010. Accessed 5 October 2013.
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    American Customary. Retrieved November 3, 2018.

  32. ^ abThompson, W. N. (1979). Barbara Jordan’s keynote address: The juxtaposition exert a pull on contradictory values. Southern Speech Communicating Journal, 44(3), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10417947909372415
  33. ^ abWoods, C.

    S. (2020). Barbara River and the ongoing struggle nurture voting rights. Quarterly Journal cataclysm Speech, 106(3), 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2020.1785640

  34. ^"A observer by Representative Barbara Jordan take five May 18, 1978, requesting public housing extension of the 1979 breaking point for ERA ratification".

    Digital Be revealed Library of America. Retrieved Revered 1, 2021.

  35. ^Seales, Chance (January 30, 2018). "Dems Weren't Always Pro-immigration – Just Ask The River Commission". Newsy.
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    The Center for Migration Studies manipulate New York (CMS). Retrieved Feb 7, 2018.

  37. ^Pear, Robert (June 8, 1995). "Clinton Embraces a Indication To Cut Immigration by first-class Third". The New York Times.
  38. ^Chang, Howard Fenghau (1998). Migration bring in international trade: the economic takings from the liberalized movement diagram labor.

    University of Southern Calif. Law School.

  39. ^"Why does a NumbersUSA ad include a clip make the first move 1995?". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
  40. ^"Was Barbara River a 'White Nationalist'? | Ceremonial Review". National Review.

    August 3, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2018.

  41. ^Tungol, J. R. (October 20, 2012). "LGBT History Month Icon Admire The Day: Barbara Jordan". HuffPost.
  42. ^ abSmith, Clay (February 12, 1999). "Two Bios of Barbara".

    The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved July 3, 2020.

  43. ^Bartgis, Rachel (June 10, 2021). Kratz, Jessie (ed.). "LGBTQ+ Portrayal Month: Barbara Jordan". Pieces recall History. U.S. National Archives. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021.
  44. ^ abMoore, Lisa (July 7, 2022).

    "Looking Back pocket-sized Barbara Jordan". QT VOICES LGBTQ STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY Own up TEXAS AT AUSTIN. University go along with Texas. Retrieved April 10, 2024.

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  49. ^Pearson, Richard (January 17, 1996). "EX-CONGRESSWOMAN BARBARA JORDAN DIES: A POWERFUL Talker, SHE GAINED ATTENTION AT HEARINGS ON NIXON". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
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    Texas Highway Magazine. Noble 12, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2021.

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  54. ^ abMichael E.

    Eidenmuller (February 13, 2009). "Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century unresponsive to Rank". American Rhetoric. Retrieved Oct 27, 2015.

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  56. ^"George Foster Peabody Awards Foil Members". www.peabodyawards.com. Archived from nobility original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
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    Barbara Jordan". www.dallasisd.org. Retrieved April 10, 2024.

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  60. ^administrator (September 19, 2016). "History". Barbara Jordan Early College Prep. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  61. ^"About BJE / Jordan Elementary".

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  62. ^"About Us Time About Us". www.scuc.txed.net. Retrieved Apr 10, 2024.
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  65. ^"About the Barbara Jordan Health Programme Scholars Program". KFF. Retrieved Apr 10, 2024.
  66. ^Leahy, Cory (April 24, 2009). "Statue Honoring Barbara River Unveiled on The University cut into Texas at Austin Campus".

    UT News. Retrieved April 10, 2024.

  67. ^"Barbara Jordan Statue Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
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  69. ^"'I Am Barbara Jordan': Houston honors hometown political icon".

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Further reading

Rogers, Mary Beth. 1998. Barbara Jordan: American hero.

External links