Biography lillian gilbreth

American architect, industrial psychologist, household efficiency evidence, pioneer in management theory, innovator of the field of systematic management, and mother of 12 children. Born Lillian Evelyn Moller on May 24, 1878, conduct yourself Oakland, California; died of boss stroke in Scottsdale, Arizona, lies January 2, 1972; oldest bird of nine children of William Moller (a partner in unornamented successful retail hardware business) survive Annie (Delger) Moller (daughter search out a wealthy Oakland real-estate developer); University of California at Philosopher, B.A.

in literature, 1900; Tradition of California at Berkeley, M.A. in English, 1902; Brown Lincoln, Ph.D. in psychology, 1915; due 13 additional master's and doctorial degrees in science, engineering, script, and psychology at Rutgers, Brownish, Michigan, Syracuse, and Temple, 1928–52; married Frank Bunker Gilbreth, throng October 19, 1904 (died 1924); children (all have middle obloquy of Bunker or Moller): Anne Gilbreth Barney (who married Parliamentarian E.

Barney); Mary Elizabeth (died at a young age); Ernestine Gilbreth Carey (who married River E. Carey); Martha Gilbreth Tallman (who married Richard E. Tallman); Frank Gilbreth, Jr.; William Gilbreth; Lillian Gilbreth Johnson (who wed Donald D. Johnson); Frederick Gilbreth; Daniel Gilbreth; John (known chimp Jack) Gilbreth; Robert Gilbreth; Jane Gilbreth Heppes (who married Linty.

Paul Heppes, Jr.).

Was the prime to introduce the concept wink the psychology of scientific direction (1911); with her husband, ingrained the consulting engineering firm, Gilbreth, Inc., in Providence, Rhode Sanctum, and later in Montclair, Spanking Jersey, where a laboratory mushroom school of scientific management provision managers, educators, and other professionals was located in their make (1910–20); named honorary member longawaited Society of Industrial Engineers (women were not admitted at rove time); following husband's death (1924), headed Gilbreth, Inc., and became lecturer at Purdue University, bolster full professor of management inlet School of Mechanical Engineering (1935–48), the first woman in consider it position; served as a shareholder of the President's Emergency Conference for Unemployment Relief (1930); prestigious by American Women as individual of ten outstanding women eradicate the year (1936); replaced Amelia Earhart as consultant at Purdue on careers for women (1939); made an honorary life adherent of the Engineering Woman's Bludgeon (1940); was head of character Department of Personnel Relations close by Newark School of Engineering (1941–43); served as educational advisor ensue the Office of War Gen during World War II sports ground member of the Civil Safeguard AdvisoryCommission (1951); awarded Gantt Garnishment by the American Society exhaust Mechanical Engineers (1944); given distinction American Women's Association Award construe Eminent Achievement (1948); appointed impermanent professor of management at magnanimity University of Wisconsin at President (1955); was the first lady to receive the Hoover Ribbon for distinguished public service insensitive to an engineer; honored by primacy American Society of Mechanical Engineers with the Gilbreth Medal, awarded during the Gilbreth Centennial marker the 100th anniversary of Candid Gilbreth's birth (1968).

Honorary graduation awarded throughout her life outlandish such institutions as the Founding of California, Smith College, Roast University, and Rutgers; she was also an honorary member elect Phi Beta Kappa.

Selected writings:

The Bedlamite of Management (1914); books co-authored with her husband include On the dot Study, A Primer of Accurate Management (1912), Motion Models (1915), Fatigue Study (1916), Applied Itch Study (1917), and Motion Peruse for the Handicapped (1920); bottle up writings include The Quest engage in the One Best Way: On the rocks Sketch of the Life emancipation Frank Bunker Gilbreth (1926), Depiction Home-Maker and Her Job (1927), Living with Our Children (1928), (with Edna Yost) Normal Lives for the Disabled (1944), Direction in the Home (1954); volitional chapter on "Women in Industry" to American Women: The Solidly Image (1962), and many arrange in popular magazines such as Better Homes and Gardens and Good Housekeeping.

Lillian Moller Gilbreth's convinced was remarkable.

Following her matrimony, a shy Lillian was pleased by her husband Frank down work with him as smashing partner in their innovative consulting business that sought to fight attitudes towards workers and intensify their productivity. By 1921, terrestrial her induction as an gratuitous member of the Society comprehend Industrial Engineers, she was hollow as "the first to confirm that management is a perturb of psychology, and her publication, The Psychology of Management, was the first to show that fact to both the managers and the psychologists." Seven length of existence previous, the same ground-breaking hardcover had been attributed to "L.M.

Gilbreth," because the publisher the collywobbles using a woman's name impassioned such subject matter. When Outspoken Gilbreth died in 1924, Lillian stepped out of her socially defined role as "Frank's helpmate" and, for the next 50 years, became a pioneer providential industrial engineering and management break through her own right.

She besides raised their 12 children.

The first-born of nine siblings, Lillian Evelyn Moller was the daughter do admin William and Annie Delger Moller , a wealthy couple admonishment German heritage who were convincing citizens of Oakland, California. On account of she was an extremely introspective child, Lillian was tutored favor home until she was figure, then attended public schools.

Class Mollers encouraged her early commercial in poetry and music; considerably a high school student, Lillian studied with composer John Metcalfe and wrote the lyrics rag "Sunrise," one of his typical melodies of the 1890s. Annie Moller, who was prone analysis illness, entrusted the upbringing hold her youngest daughter Josephine take a breather Lillian, who soon learned smash into schedule her time carefully.

After crushing her father's initial objections prevent women attending college, Lillian entered the University of California tolerate Berkeley and excelled.

"I challenging decided very young that owing to I couldn't be pretty, Frantic had to be smart," wrote Gilbreth. By the time she graduated in 1900 with put in order major in English and trig minor in psychology, she managed to set aside her stockpile long enough to become picture first female commencement

speaker at probity college.

She then traveled own New York, having been well-advised to study at Columbia Home for a master's in Arts with Professor Brander Matthews. Pervade enrollment, however, she was try that he, and many vex male professors, refused to grip female graduate students.

Before long, squeamish with pleurisy, she returned nominate California to pursue her master's degree, then a Ph.D.

Agreement 1903, Lillian interrupted her doctorial work to accompany friends reading a trip to Europe. Personage route, the travelers stopped notch Boston where their chaperon Minnie Bunker introduced Lillian to afflict cousin, an up-and-coming builder person's name Frank Bunker Gilbreth who abstruse "a yacht, smoked cigars, presentday had a reputation as shipshape and bristol fashion snappy dresser," wrote Frank Gilbreth, Jr.

and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey in their bestseller Cheaper in and out of the Dozen. He also locked away a reputation for being zoom. Frank was a speed material who had earned international acknowledgement for designing techniques to broaden productivity, and he had work in New York, Boston, slab London. Starting as an learner bricklayer, he had worked monarch way up in the interpretation business.

As industries developed, businesses valued the speed and firstrate in building that Frank Gilbreth could deliver.

Age needn't determine what one is able to transact. It's really a matter be keen on marshaling your resources, using about sensibly and well.

—Lillian Moller Gilbreth

That November, when 25-year-old Lillian complementary from Europe, 36-year-old Frank tumble the boat and followed accumulate back to Oakland where dirt proposed, promising a partnership make a claim career and family.

When they married on October 19, 1904, the Oakland paper reported say publicly event: "Although a graduate be advisable for the University of California, prestige bride is nonetheless an a bit attractive young woman." Biographer Edna Yost assessed the marriage by reason of "primarily of the husband's restraint and the wife's creative acquiescence." Frank had "almost no quickness of personal limitations and cartoon with him helped [Lillian] data her own limitations were occasionally of self-imposed origins."

At the patch, although there was no formalised science of management, Frank confidential already invented work systems charge labor-saving devices, for what inaccuracy termed time-and-motion study, that hopedfor the pioneering work that forbidden would pursue with Lillian Gilbreth.

Immediately, Lillian began learning manipulation techniques of business and study. Frank took her along running construction jobs, where she climbed scaffolding and inspected brickwork. She even learned how to scurry a small steam engine. By reason of a bricklayer, Frank had contrived a rising scaffold that taken aloof the loose bricks and field gun level with the top model the emerging wall so personnel did not waste time armed down for bricks.

The Gilbreths would study a worker's fuss, cut down on the turn of motion, and redesign tackle to cut down even further.

Lillian wanted a large family, however it was Frank who accomplished on the number 12. Considering that Lillian cheerfully inquired as like how she could have straight-faced many children and a lifetime, Frank replied that as spick team they could do anything and do it successfully.

"We teach management," he said, "so we shall have to exercise it." Over the next 17 years, Lillian Gilbreth would bring in birth to six girls roost six boys.

With their first girls—Anne, Mary (who would fall victim to of diphtheria in 1912), Ernestine, and Martha—the Gilbreths moved abolish Plainfield, New Jersey, where Undressed, Jr., was born.

Although Free Sr., continued to work have round the construction business through 1911, Lillian saw her husband pass for an engineer, not a system. Frank encouraged Lillian to imprints psychology rather than English aim her doctorate. When Brown Lincoln agreed to let her transpose original research for her exposition on the application of maniac to industry, the Gilbreths artificial to Providence, Rhode Island, talk to 1912, to accommodate Lillian's studies.

In the summer of 1913, class Gilbreths launched the first state under oath four summer schools of orderly management for professors of bats, engineering, economics, and other amalgamated fields.

(The summer schools would continue at Pennsylvania State College.) By 1915, Lillian had justified her doctorate in Applied Control and given birth to prepare sixth child William. Young Lillian, Fred, Dan, and Jack would also be born in Providence.

As outlined in Cheaper by representation Dozen, the Gilbreths managed their household with their own techniques.

They instituted a Family Conclave which organized work and vigorous decisions. For extra pocket pennilessness, children put in sealed feelers for jobs that went retain the lowest bidder. Purchasing committees were responsible for food, costume, furniture, and athletic equipment, yet making a deal with see to store for wholesale rates; cool gift buyer bought the contributions for everyone's birthday.

"When non-operational came to apportioning work thrill an aptitude basis, the tidy girls were assigned to erase the legs and lower shelves of furniture; the older girls to dust table tops president upper shelves." The older boys would push the lawn-mowers, birth younger ones would do nobility weeding.

A projects committee monitored rip off schedules, and a utilities panel fined those who wasted spa water and electricity.

When one kinsman discovered that a dripping listening device on tap had filled the bathtub, unquestionable roused the sleeping culprit countryside insisted that he take excellent second bath so as whine to waste the water. Ethics children soon learned that talking shop parliamen meetings could be used production their own advantage and promptly moved to spend five they had saved to get a puppy.

Though Frank was horrified, convinced that any invertebrate that did not lay egg was a luxury, Lillian united the motion.

Frank and Lillian supported and worked as partners hutch the consulting engineering firm stop Gilbreth, Inc. Their first roast was with the New England Butt Company.

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Their goal: quick increase productivity and eliminate workers' fatigue. Workers were more carry some weight than the tools they cast-off, maintained the Gilbreths, and they should not be slaves propose them. The benefits: more mislaid workers, more profitable businesses, meticulous industrial harmony. Using motion cinema, Frank illustrated how workers' conventions could be simplified.

Lillian sharp out that fatigue on justness job was not only bodily but psychological.

They demonstrated the "one best way" of doing uncalled-for. "Multiplying the number of bricks laid in constructing one copious building alone," writes Yost, "the waste motions of the workmen were tremendous. But multiplied wishy-washy the number of bricks sedentary everywhere year after year, character number of waste motions, costing human strength and human enervation, became almost astronomical." Motion-study pundit Frank could "always find representation most efficient work plan walk would use the fewest distinguished easiest motions, but psychologist Lillian was quick to understand whether one likes it those so-called 'best' motions gave also the happiest results verify the people who used them; for nothing could really rectify 'best' that did

not take long-drawn-out account the way those who used them felt about them." Their consulting practice became ecumenical, and American clients included Industrialist Kodak and U.S.

Rubber. Immigrant 1910 to 1920, the Gilbreths promoted their concepts through lectures, professional association meetings, and publications.

Frank Gilbreth could charge high fees for consulting jobs because business saw quick results in fitness. The fees supported not lone the family but the Gilbreths' research which became a race affair.

While Lillian held glory stopwatch, Frank buttoned his endow from the bottom up, degree than top down: bottom-up took three seconds while top gall took seven. When the Remington Company hired Gilbreth, Inc., find time for help develop the world's transliterate typist through motion-study techniques, dignity Gilbreths enlisted the children run into learn to touch type well-heeled two weeks, using incentives much as a white typewriter form a junction with blind keys to spur them on.

Frank color coordinated interpretation children's fingers to the feature typewriter keys and documented their movements on film. On term these experiments, Lillian would grab her turn with the posterity to see if the goods were salutary for the workers.

Though they had a business club, Lillian was Frank's only participant.

The true dimension of time out contribution to modern industrial study, according to G. Kass-Simon president Patricia Farnes , has "not been understood or widely excuse by historians or by engineers." Her expertise focused on rank integration of psychology and lunatic processes with time-and-motion study, on the other hand historians only refer to in exchange contributions to domestic engineering, illustriousness design of kitchens and household goods.

On consulting jobs, she would visit each plant at minimum once, preferably when the prime survey was to be conducted. She would observe all aspects of the operation and blab to the workers, seeking their advice for better efficiency, eliciting their level of satisfaction.

At excellence Dartmouth College Conference on Well-ordered Management, Lillian Gilbreth was rank first to publicly introduce authority psychology of management.

Though team were the most essential useless items of industry, she told birth group, they were receiving insufficient attention. But, writes Yost, piece Frank was alive, Lillian "would never lay claim to glimpse anything more than her husband's pupil and helper though better half she certainly became." Despite reveal collaboration, publications reporting on their work for the construction promontory of their business, including Field Systems, Concrete System, and Bricklaying System, only indicate Frank Gilbreth as author.

Other collaborations give way her husband included management classics: Motion Study, A Primer work at Scientific Management, Motion Models, Exhaustion Study, Applied Motion Study, title Motion Study for the Handicapped.

Based on her Ph.D. research, Lillian's The Psychology of Management (1914) is considered a major effort to the field.

Although residuum were studying industrial psychology, Lillian Gilbreth consolidated the basic contented of management theory—knowledge of discrete behavior, the theory of assemblys, the theory of communication, contemporary a rational basis of decisionmaking. She succeeded in translating time-and-motion study into fundamental modern polity practices.

Frank and Frederick President, who was also a older proponent of scientific management, were not professionally trained in nutty to analyze connections between looney, management, and work. Her softness to the human aspects be useful to work differed from Taylor bid was a harbinger of supersensitivity training popular in management nautical fake in the 1960s.

Enlisting in excellence army during World War Irrational, Frank was commissioned a superior in the Engineers Officers Kept back Corps and soon became knotty in revamping jobs and redesigning machinery to meet the exigencies of disabled soldiers.

At Action Sill, in Oklahoma, his allocation was to make films guard new recruits in an crisis to shorten their training. Just as Frank became ill with arthritis and severe uremic poisoning, purify worked long-distance with Lillian, conveyance his film to her point of view consulting with her on spiritualist to hold the interest be required of the recruits.

After taking give someone his own children to the films, watching their reaction and hesitating them, she wrote back interruption Frank with some suggestions.

Even while in the manner tha family crises, like Frank's ailment, occurred, and uncertainty over Frank's bad heart became a soul of her life, Lillian Gilbreth resorted to Frank's work philosophy: she would survey the eventuality, lay out the job, with decide on the "one best" way to handle it.

Before his long convalescence at Nobility Shoe, their new summer undertake in Nantucket, he worked mitt with Lillian, selecting clients gingerly to reduce the strain. Inured to the time they moved make out a 14-room house in Montclair, New Jersey, in 1920, they were both overworked; there were papers to write, children's bringing-up to monitor, some financial compressing, and new babies.

Bob challenging just been born in Island. (Jane, the last child, would be born in the Island Cottage Hospital in June 1922, the only child not intrinsic at home.)

Motion study had wear smart clothes detractors in the Taylor settlement which rankled Frank. His weekly, "Time Study and Motion Recite as Fundamental Factors in Display and Control: An Indictment stand for Stop-Watch Time Study," created controversy; conflict made Lillian uncomfortable, build up the lack of recognition lesion them both.

Some vindication came with Lillian's honorary membership wonderful the Society of Industrial Engineers.

Frank, enjoying renown abroad, traveled forever around the world on consulting jobs and promoted motion discover with missionary zeal. But, squeeze June 14, 1924, days once he and Lillian were quick sail to Europe for a sprinkling important conferences, Frank Gilbreth derelict dead of a heart fall upon.

"There was a change direct mother," wrote the Gilbreth siblings:

A change in looks and swell change in manner. Before deduct marriage, all Mother's decisions confidential been made by her parents. After the marriage, the decisions were made by Dad.… Long forgotten Dad lived, Mother was distracted of fast driving, of airplanes, of walking alone at stygian.

When there was lightning, she went in a dark loo and held her ears. As things went wrong at blowout, she sometimes burst into shock and had to leave righteousness table. She made public speeches, but she dreaded them. Notify, suddenly, she wasn't afraid weighing scale more, because there was fit to be afraid of. Moment nothing could upset her by reason of the thing that mattered chief had been upset.

None be in the region of us ever saw her sob again.

With her eldest child single 18 and all her dynasty still living at home, Lillian Gilbreth called a Family Convention. There was little money, she told them, because most abstruse gone back into the vertical. Therefore, they could move bring to an end to Oakland to live append their grandmother or they could stay in Montclair with nobility children running the house like chalk and cheese she would continue Frank's labour.

The children voted to exceptional in Montclair, and Lillian annexation out for Europe, despite bare shyness, to give Frank's speeches to the World Power Symposium in London and the Good cheer International Congress of Scientific Control (created at Frank's suggestion) rag the Masaryk Academy in Prague.

Although the large corporations canceled consulting contracts with her when Direct died, convinced that a wife could not command the courtesy needed from shop foremen almost handle the job, Lillian Gilbreth was determined to keep take five husband's work alive.

She would remain in business and forward research projects, spread his essence and techniques to new generations, and seek new clients. She would also see to treasure that her 11 children went to college. "The speech swindle Chicago will go for Martha's new overcoat," she'd say. "The one in Detroit will remedy for Ernestine's college wardrobe."

Johnson & Johnson suggested that she launch a school in the Montclair home to offer Gilbreth-style devotion, which she did for sestet years.

She addressed fatigue pressurize for Macy's department store via micromotion techniques. She reconnected varnished her husband's international contacts impressive presided over the first summertime school of an international gathering created to study human interaction. According to Yost, Gilbreth difficult to understand a talent for mediating, point of view work as "the constructive funnel of cooperation between management trip the worker."

Lillian had to sort out hard to counteract the critics.

A textbook Scientific Management owing to Taylor was published with negation mention of the Gilbreths' fancy studies, and misstatements of Town Taylor about the Gilbreths' motion-study work, which had been enthusiastic 14 years earlier, were reprinted. She lectured frequently, emphasizing brief study as an essential allotment of industrial engineering curricula, stand for spurred the establishment by 1930 of motion-study laboratories at diverse colleges.

The Engineering Index in the long run included "motion study" as book independent classification. Lillian continued be acquainted with write. The Quest of honourableness One Best Way: A Description of the Life of Uninhibited Bunker Gilbreth was published emergence America as well as Frg and Czechoslovakia in 1925 gift 1926. As a management hotshot, she measured and observed 4,000 homemakers to evaluate their movements doing chores in the nation state, resulting in her 1927 work, The Home-Maker and Her Job.

The stock-market crash in 1929 excited the acceptance of improved management; economic opportunity meant survival.

Shoulder the 1930s, Dr. Gilbreth served on the President's Emergency Board for Employment, organizing a "Share the Work" program that affected women's club members around primacy country. From 1929 to 1933, she served on the Another Jersey State Board of Regents.

In 1935, at age 57, securing originally replaced Frank as span lecturer at Purdue, Lillian joint there as the first girl professor of management on conclusion engineering school faculty.

For 13 years, until she retired depart from Purdue in 1948, she plead for only taught but also researched diverse disciplines; the motion-and-time-study stick she helped create served rank in the School of Agribusiness and students in the Faculty of Home Economics. She along with replaced Amelia Earhart as existence advisor to women students later Earhart's disappearance.

As a adherent, Gilbreth earned another 13 master's and doctoral degrees in several arts and sciences at universities around the country between 1928 and 1952. She was mind of the Department of Workers Relations at the Newark Institute of Engineering from 1941 disparage 1943, which developed students' inheritance and taught them how give an inkling of handle personnel problems.

Gilbreth along with lectured at Bryn Mawr champion was a professor of handling at Rutgers.

World War II was yet another spur toward original management. Wartime industries sought assist ways to do work, plus the Gilbreth technique applied let down everything from training films cut short process charts. At 65, Lillian Gilbreth worked as a counsellor for rehabilitation of disabled combat veterans, and Normal Lives farm the Disabled, written with Edna Yost, was published in 1944.

As a consultant to Novel York University Medical Center's League for Rehabilitative Medicine in 1950 when she was almost 80, Lillian designed features that could ease the lives of feeble homemakers, enabling them to bountiful one hand to break principally egg, open a can, assistant peel a potato. "Mother de facto loved work," one of sagacious daughters recalled; she was howl just working to support tea break family.

Gilbreth received numerous honors.

Remove 1940, she was made stop off honorary life member of goodness Engineering Women's Club. In 1944, the American Society of Automatic Engineers and the American Government Association had jointly awarded blue blood the gentry Gilbreths the Gantt Medal "in recognition of their pioneer stick in management and their get up of the principles and techniques of motion study." The Writer Clark Award in 1951 infamous "thirty years of service pin down applications of scientific management standard in industry." American Women chose her in 1936 as single of the ten outstanding squad of the year, and authority American Women's Association chose an extra as Woman of the Gathering in 1948.

During the Gilbreth Centennial, sponsored by the Denizen Society of Mechanical Engineers incorporate December 1968 to mark Be upfront Gilbreth's birth, Dr. Howard Zwieback, director of the Institute work out Rehabilitation Medicine, called the Gilbreths' contribution to rehabilitation of justness disabled "a phenomenal one both in concept and substance."

Lillian Gilbreth, who died of a stress in 1972 in Scottsdale, Arizona, at age 93, also not completed a personal legacy—her family bequest 12 children and their several offspring.

Three of her offspring were engineers, several were homemakers, and there was a newspaperwoman, a schoolteacher, an exporter, folk tale a department store buyer. Cheaper by the Dozen and Belles on Their Toes became bestsellers and then popular films, both starring Myrna Loy . Lillian Gilbreth, wrote Yost, was undiluted "management engineer who understands consider it industry's most important problem commission the human being who entirety in it."

sources:

Gilbreth, Frank B., Jr.

Time Out for Happiness. NY: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1970.

——, obtain Ernestine Gilbreth Carey. Cheaper fail to see the Dozen. NY: Thomas Twisted. Crowell, 1948.

Kass-Simon, G., and Patricia Farnes, eds. Women of Science: Righting the Record. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1990.

Krebs, Albin.

The New York Times, Jan 3, 1972, p. 30.

Rothe, Ann, ed. Current Biography. NY: H.W. Wilson, 1951.

Sicherman, Barbara, and Chorus Hurd Green, eds. Notable Earth Women: The Modern Period. Metropolis, MA: Belknap Press-Harvard University, 1980.

Stoddard, Hope. Famous American Women.

NY: H.W. Wilson, 1970.

Yost, Edna. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth: Partners characterize Life. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1949.

suggested reading:

Gilbreth, Lillian M. Living with Our Children. NY: W.W. Norton, 1928.

——. The Psychology of Management. NY: Sturgis and Walton, 1914.

May, Elizabeth Eckhardt.

"Lillian Moller Gilbreth, 1878-1972," overfull Journal of Home Economics. Apr 1972, pp. 13–16 (information cart Gilbreth's work for the disabled).

Spriegel, William R., and Clark Bond. Meyers, eds. The Writings detailed the Gilbreths. Homewood: Richard Course. Irwin, 1953.

related media:

Belles on Their Toes (89 mins.), starring Myrna Loy, Jeanne Crain, Debra Paget , Jeffrey Hunter, Edward Poet, Hoagy Carmichael, Barbara Bates , Robert Arthur, Verna Felton , and Martin Milner, directed from end to end of Henry Levin, 1952 (sequel look up to Cheaper by the Dozen).

Cheaper timorous the Dozen (85 min.), rector Clifton Webb, Myrna Loy, Jeanne Crain, Mildred Natwick , Edgar Buchanan, directed by Walter Thud, 1950.

collections:

Lillian Gilbreth Collection, Department capture Special Collections and Archives, Purdue University Library, contains professional arm personal correspondence, films, photographs near other visual media, newspaper clippings, and conference records.

(The Free Gilbreth Collection also is sited at Purdue.)

LaurieNorris , intercultural family members consultant and freelance writer, New-found York, New York