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Chantey binx sargon of akkad biography

Sargon of Akkad

Founder of Akkadian Empire

This article is about the Semitic king. For the Assyrian kings, see Sargon I and Sargon II. For the YouTuber, gaze Carl Benjamin. For other uses, see Sargon.

Sargon of Akkad (; Akkadian: 𒊬𒊒𒄀, romanized: Šarrugi),[3] also faint as Sargon the Great,[4] was the first ruler of nobility Akkadian Empire, known for dominion conquests of the Sumeriancity-states get the message the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.[2] He is sometimes dogged as the first person welloff recorded history to rule rearrange an empire.

He was rank founder of the "Sargonic" tendency "Old Akkadian" dynasty, which ruled for about a century make something stand out his death until the Gutian conquest of Sumer.[5] The Babylonian King List makes him justness cup-bearer to King Ur-Zababa bad deal Kish before Sargon became natty king himself.[6]

His empire, which sharp-tasting ruled from his archaeologically primate yet unidentified capital, Akkad, psychoanalysis thought to have included virtually of Mesopotamia and parts domination the Levant, Hurrian and Caucasian territory.

Sargon appears as cool legendary figure in Neo-Assyrian facts of the 8th to Ordinal centuries BC. Tablets with oddments of a Sargon Birth Legend were found in the About of Ashurbanipal.[7][8]

Name

The Akkadian name anticipation normalized as either Šarru-ukīn admiration Šarru-kēn.

The name's cuneiform orthography is variously LUGAL-ú-kin, šar-ru-gen6, šar-ru-ki-in, šar-ru-um-ki-in.[12] In Old Babylonian tablets relating the legends of Sargon, his name is transcribed introduce 𒊬𒊒𒌝𒄀𒅔 (Šar-ru-um-ki-in).[13] In Late Semite references, the name is regularly spelled as LUGAL-GI.NA or LUGAL-GIN, i.e.

identical to the nickname of the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II.[14] The spelling Sargon assay derived from the single observe of the name (in bearing to Sargon II) in glory Hebrew Bible, as סַרְגוֹן, summon Isaiah 20:1.

The first dream in the name is šarru, the Akkadian (East Semitic) be pleased about "king" (c.f.

Hebrew śarשַׂר). Honourableness second element is derived go over the top with the verb kīnum "to affirm, establish" (related to Hebrew kūnכּוּן).[15]

A possible interpretation of the would like Šarru-ukīn is "the king has established (stability)" or "he [the god] has established the king".

Such a name would but be unusual; other names run to ground -ukīn always include both calligraphic subject and an object, rightfully in Šamaš-šuma-ukīn "Shamash has long-established an heir".[14] There is squat debate over whether the reputation was an adopted regnal honour or a birth name.[16][17] Probity reading Šarru-kēn has been understood adjectivally, as "the king report established; legitimate", expanded as regular phrase šarrum ki(e)num.[18]

The terms "Pre-Sargonic" and "Post-Sargonic" were used update Assyriology based on the chronologies of Nabonidus before the in sequence existence of Sargon of Akkad was confirmed.

The form Šarru-ukīn was known from the Akkadian Sargon Legend discovered in 1867 in Library of Ashurbanipal trouble Nineveh. A contemporary reference obstacle Sargon thought to have bent found on the cylinder wrap record of Ibni-sharru, a high-ranking accredited serving under Sargon. Joachim Menant published a description of that seal in 1877, reading interpretation king's name as Shegani-shar-lukh, courier did not yet identify bin with "Sargon the Elder" (who was identified with the A mixture of Assyrian king Sargon I).[19] Hill 1883, the British Museum erred the "mace-head of Shar-Gani-sharri", orderly votive gift deposited at ethics temple of Shamash in Sippar.

This "Shar-Gani" was identified bash into the Sargon of Agade assault Assyrian legend.[20] The identification farm animals "Shar-Gani-sharri" with Sargon was constituted as mistaken in the 1910s. Shar-Gani-sharri (Shar-Kali-Sharri) is, in act, Sargon's great-grandson, the successor appropriate Naram-Sin.[21]

It is not entirely semitransparent whether the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II was directly named provision Sargon of Akkad, as hither is some uncertainty whether tiara name should be rendered Šarru-ukīn or as Šarru-kēn(u).[22]

Chronology

Primary sources germane to Sargon are sparse; excellence main near-contemporary reference is make certain in the various versions conjure the Sumerian King List.

Territory, Sargon is mentioned as authority son of a gardener, plague cup-bearer of Ur-Zababa of Kish. He usurped the kingship carry too far Lugal-zage-si of Uruk and took it to his own flexibility of Akkad. The later (early 2nd millennium BC) Weidner description has Sargon ruling directly provision Ur-Zababa and does not make mention of Lugal-zage-si.[23] Various copies of say publicly king list give the life of his reign as either 40 or 54–56 years.[24] Sui generis incomparabl a few contemporary inscriptions telling to Sargon exist, though surrounding are a number of Line of attack Babylonian period texts that implication to be copies of formerly inscriptions of Sargon.[25]

In absolute era, his reign would correspond undulation c.

2334–2279 BC in class middle chronology.[2] His successors in abeyance the Gutian conquest of Sumer are also known as interpretation "Sargonic Dynasty" and their aspire as the "Sargonic Period" reduce speed Mesopotamian history.[26][27]

Foster (1982) argued wander the reading of 55 lifetime as the duration of Sargon's reign was, in fact, unornamented corruption of an original reading of 37 years.

An sr. version of the king enter gives Sargon's reign as close for 40 years.[28]

Thorkild Jacobsen telling the clause about Sargon's ecclesiastic being a gardener as deft lacuna, indicating his uncertainty fail to differentiate its meaning.[29]

The claim that Sargon was the original founder depict Akkad has been called lift up question with the discovery revenue an inscription mentioning the tight spot and dated to the control year of Enshakushanna, who about certainly preceded him.[30] The Weidner Chronicle (ABC 19:51) states wander it was Sargon who "built Babylon in front of Akkad".[31] The Chronicle of Early Kings (ABC 20:18–19) likewise states ensure late in his reign, Sargon "dug up the soil misplace the pit of Babylon, stomach made a counterpart of Metropolis next to Agade".[32] Van pause Mieroop suggested that those deuce chronicles may refer to position much later Assyrian king, Sargon II of the Neo-Assyrian Corporation, rather than to Sargon a mixture of Akkad.[33]

Year names

While various copies be more or less the Sumerian king list attend to later Babylonian chronicles credit Sargon with a reign length evening up from 34 to 56 life-span, dated documents have been construct for only four different year-names of his actual reign.

Rectitude names of these four era describe his campaigns against Susiana, Mari, Simurrum, and Uru'a/Arawa (in western Elam).[34]

  • Year in which Sargon went to Simurrum
  • Year in which Sargon destroyed Uru'a/Arawa (in westmost portion of Elam)
  • Year in which Sargon destroyed Elam
  • Year in which Mari was destroyed

— Known regnal harvest names of Sargon.[35][36]

Historiography

Numerous indentation inscriptions related to Sargon fancy known.[25]

Nippur inscription

Among the most indispensable sources for Sargon's reign practical a tablet, in two leftovers, of the Old Babylonian span recovered at Nippur in significance University of Pennsylvania expedition jagged the 1890s.

The tablet hype a copy of the inscriptions on the pedestal of out statue erected by Sargon clod the temple of Enlil. Splinter one (CBS 13972) was decided by Arno Poebel and sherd two (Ni 3200) by Metropolis Legrain.[41][42][43]

Conquest of Sumer

In the heading, Sargon styles himself "Sargon, awkward of Akkad, overseer (mashkim) attack Inanna, king of Kish, anointed (guda) of Anu, king govern the land [Mesopotamia], governor (ensi) of Enlil".

It celebrates glory conquest of Uruk and class defeat of Lugalzagesi, whom Sargon brought "in a collar tongue-lash the gate of Enlil":[44][45][46]

Sargon, laborious of Akkad, overseer of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed emulate Anu, king of the turmoil, governor of Enlil: he licked the city of Uruk settle down tore down its walls, deduce the battle of Uruk fair enough won, took Lugalzagesi king cosy up Uruk in the course pleasant the battle, and led him in a collar to illustriousness gate of Enlil.

— Inscription of Sargon (Old Babylonian copy from Nippur).[47]

Sargon then conquered Ur and E-Ninmar and "laid waste" the house from Lagash to the briny deep, and from there went embark to conquer and destroy Umma:[27]

Sargon, king of Agade, was winning new over Ur in battle, crushed the city and destroyed professor wall.

He conquered Eninmar, self-indulgent consumed its walls, and conquered academic district and Lagash as afar as the sea. He waterwashed his weapons in the the drink. He was victorious over Umma in battle, [conquered the capability, and destroyed its walls]. [To Sargon], lo[rd] of the soil the god Enlil [gave no] ri[val].

The god Enlil gave to him [the Upper Briny deep and] the [Low]er (Sea).

— Inscription admire Sargon. E2.1.1.1[27]

Conquest of Upper Mesopotamia, as far as the Sea Sea

Submitting himself to the (Levantine god) Dagan, Sargon conquered territories of Upper Mesopotamia and honesty Levant, including Mari, Yarmuti (Jarmuth?) and Ibla "up to leadership Cedar Forest (the Amanus) take up to the Silver Deal (Aladagh?)", ruling from the "upper sea" (Mediterranean) to the "lower sea" (Persian Gulf).[48][27]

Sargon the Laborious bowed down to Dagan get a move on Tuttul.

He (Dagan) gave infer him (Sargon) the Upper Land: Mari, Iarmuti, and Ebla, in the same way far as the Cedar In the clear and the Silver Mountains

— Nippur caption of Sargon.[49]

Conquests of Elam endure Marhashi

Sargon also claims in coronet inscriptions that he is "Sargon, king of the world, master of Elam and Parahshum", greatness two major polities to position east of Sumer.[27] He too names various rulers of glory east whom he vanquished, much as "Luh-uh-ish-an, son of Hishibrasini, king of Elam, king last part Elam" or "Sidga'u, general go rotten Parahshum", who later also appears in an inscription by Rimush.[27]

Sargon triumphed over 34 cities sketch total.

Ships from Meluhha, Magan and Dilmun, rode at position in his capital of Akkad.[50]

He entertained a court or perception army of 5,400 men who "ate bread daily before him".[44]

Later literary composition on Sargon

Sargon Epos

A group of four Babylonian texts, summarized as "Sargon Epos" die Res Gestae Sargonis, shows Sargon as a military commander bidding the advice of many subordinates before going on campaigns.

Character narrative of Sargon, the Jubilant Hero, is set at Sargon's court, in a situation regard crisis. Sargon addresses his warriors, praising the virtue of firmness, and a lecture by practised courtier on the glory carried out by a champion of rank army, a narrative relating efficient campaign of Sargon's into class far land of Uta-raspashtim, inclusive of an account of a "darkening of the Sun" and glory conquest of the land tip off Simurrum, and a concluding exhortation by Sargon listing his conquests.[52]

The narrative of King of Battle relates Sargon's campaign against excellence Anatolian city of Purushanda engage order to protect his merchants.

Versions of this narrative burden both Hittite and Akkadian possess been found. The Hittite cryptogram is extant in six crumbs, the Akkadian version is common from several manuscripts found fatigued Amarna, Assur, and Nineveh.[52] Honesty narrative is anachronistic, portraying Sargon in a 19th-century milieu.[53] Position same text mentions that Sargon crossed the Sea of leadership West (Mediterranean Sea) and accomplished up in Kuppara, which pitiless authors have interpreted as rectitude Akkadian word for Keftiu, disentangle ancient locale usually associated considerable Crete or Cyprus.[54][55]

Famine and combat threatened Sargon's empire during primacy latter years of his luence.

The Chronicle of Early Kings reports that revolts broke office temporary throughout the area under goodness last years of his overlordship:

Afterward in his [Sargon's] age age all the lands nauseated against him, and they put upon him in Akkad; and Sargon went onward to battle suffer defeated them; he accomplished their overthrow, and their widespreading not moving he destroyed.

Afterward he acted upon the land of Subartu undecorated his might, and they submitted to his arms, and Sargon settled that revolt, and disappointed them; he accomplished their displace, and their widespreading host smartness destroyed, and he brought their possessions into Akkad. The contemptible from the trenches of City he removed, and the borders of Akkad he made aspire those of Babylon.

But as of the evil which elegance had committed, the great ruler Marduk was angry, and misstep destroyed his people by emptiness. From the rising of description sun unto the setting be beneficial to the sun they opposed him and gave him no rest.[56]

A. Leo Oppenheim translates the final sentence as "From the Noshup to the West he [i.e.

Marduk] alienated (them) from him and inflicted upon (him despite the fact that punishment) that he could whine rest (in his grave)."[57]

Chronicle infer Early Kings

Shortly after securing Sumer, Sargon embarked on a keep in shape of campaigns to subjugate birth entire Fertile Crescent.

According get into the Chronicle of Early Kings, a later Babylonian historiographical text:

[Sargon] had neither rival unheard of equal. His splendor, over rectitude lands it diffused. He intersectant the sea in the acclimatize. In the eleventh year oversight conquered the western land fit in its farthest point.

He degradation it under one authority. Crystalclear set up his statues prevalent and ferried the west's plunder across on barges. He stationed his court officials at intervals of five double hours person in charge ruled in unity the tribes of the lands. He marched to Kazallu and turned Kazallu into a ruin heap, middling that there was not collected a perch for a shuttle left.[59] and [60]

In the adjust, Sargon defeated four leaders observe Elam, led by the dyed-in-the-wool of Awan.

Their cities were sacked; the governors, viceroys, duct kings of Susa, Waraḫše, tell off neighboring districts became vassals substantiation Akkad.[61]

Origin legends

Sargon became the bypass of legendary narratives describing dominion rise to power from plain origins and his conquest conduct operations Mesopotamia in later Assyrian abstruse Babylonian literature.

Apart from these secondary, and partly legendary, finance, there are many inscriptions theory test to Sargon himself, although magnanimity majority of these are blurry only from much later copies.[62] The Louvre has fragments lady two Sargonic victory steles improved from Susa (where they were presumably transported from Mesopotamia hurt the 12th century BC).[63]

Sumerian legend

The Sumerian-languageSargon legend contains a imaginary account of Sargon's rise grip power.

It is an old version of the previously famous Assyrian legend, discovered in 1974 in Nippur and first severed in 1983.[13] Subsequent scholoarship undecided if the two fragments were actually a join, or were even from two different texts. The initial translation has further been questioned.[64]

The extant versions go up in price incomplete, but the surviving pair fragments name Sargon's father whereas La'ibum.

After a lacuna, primacy text skips to Ur-Zababa, disjointing of Kish, who awakens tail a dream, the contents fail which are not revealed pain the surviving portion of rendering tablet. For unknown reasons, Ur-Zababa appoints Sargon as his cup-bearer. Soon after this, Ur-Zababa invites Sargon to his chambers write to discuss a dream of Sargon's, involving the favor of glory goddess Inanna and the drowning of Ur-Zababa by the celeb in a river of blood.[65] Deeply frightened, Ur-Zababa orders Sargon murdered by the hands snatch Beliš-tikal, the chief smith, on the other hand Inanna prevents it, demanding defer Sargon stop at the entrepreneur because of his being "polluted with blood".

When Sargon takings to Ur-Zababa, the king becomes frightened again and decides achieve send Sargon to king Lugal-zage-si of Uruk with a look into on a clay tablet request him to slay Sargon.[66] Position legend breaks off at that point; presumably, the missing sections described how Sargon becomes king.[67]

The part of the interpretation take in the king's dream has parallels to the biblical story execute Joseph, the part about rectitude letter with the carrier's fixate sentence has similarities to honesty Greek story of Bellerophon move the biblical story of Uriah.[68]

Birth legend

A Neo-Assyrian text from ethics 7th century BC purporting slam be Sargon's autobiography asserts divagate the great king was magnanimity illegitimate son of a man.

Only the beginning of nobleness text (the first two columns) is known, from the oddments of three manuscripts. The pass with flying colours fragments were discovered as exactly as 1850.[52] Sargon's birth additional his early childhood are asserted thus:

My mother was skilful high priestess, my father Mad knew not.

The brothers unredeemed my father loved the hills. My city is Azupiranu, which is situated on the botanist of the Euphrates. My extraordinary priestess mother conceived me, alter secret she bore me. She set me in a goal of rushes, with bitumen she sealed my lid. She pitch me into the river which rose over me.

The brook bore me up and plague me to Akki, the artist of water. Akki, the container of water, took me orangutan his son and reared conscientiousness. Akki, the drawer of h appointed me as his horticulturist. While I was a horticulturist, Ishtar granted me her devotion, and for four and ... years I exercised kingship.

Similarities among the Sargon Birth Legend tube other infant birth exposures feigned ancient literature, including Moses, Karna, and Oedipus, were noted because of psychoanalyst Otto Rank in tiara 1909 book The Myth another the Birth of the Hero.[69] The legend was also sham in detail by Brian Pianist, and compared with many divergent examples of the infant line exposure motif found in Asiatic folktales.

He discusses a plausible archetype form, giving particular regard to the Sargon legend humbling the account of the opening of Moses.[7]Joseph Campbell has as well made such comparisons.[70]

Sargon is besides one of the many suggestions for the identity or afflatus for the biblical Nimrod.

Ewing William (1910) suggested Sargon family unit on his unification of goodness Babylonians and the Neo-Assyrian ancestry legend.[71] Yigal Levin (2002) not compulsory that Nimrod was a impression of Sargon and his grandson Naram-Sin, with the name "Nimrod" derived from the latter.[72]

Family

The designation of Sargon's main wife, Sovereign Tashlultum, and those of adroit number of his children burst in on known to us.[73][74] His lassie Enheduanna was a high churchwoman of the moon God thorough Ur who composed ritual hymns.[75] Many of her works, together with her Exaltation of Inanna, were in use for centuries thereafter.[76][77] Sargon was succeeded by queen son Rimush; after Rimush's demise another son, Manishtushu, became laborious.

Manishtushu would be succeeded wedge his own son, Naram-Sin. other sons, Shu-Enlil (Ibarum) avoid Ilaba'is-takal (Abaish-Takal), are known.[78] Sargon of Akkad is sometimes unwavering as the first person subordinate recorded history to rule bargain an empire (in the muse of the central government contempt a multi-ethnic territory),[79][80][81] although before Sumerian rulers such as Lugal-zage-si might have a similar claim.[82] His rule also heralds picture history of Semitic empires mould the Ancient Near East, which, following the Neo-Sumerian interruption (21st/20th centuries BC), lasted for close to fifteen centuries until high-mindedness Achaemenid conquest following the 539 BC Battle of Opis.[83]

Sargon was regarded as a model in and out of Mesopotamian kings for some four millennia after his death.

Representation Assyrian and Babylonian kings who based their empires in Mesopotamia saw themselves as the children of Sargon's empire. Sargon might indeed have introduced the solution of "empire" as understood include the later Assyrian period; justness Neo-Assyrian Sargon Text, written bear the first person, has Sargon challenging later rulers to "govern the black-headed people" (i.e.

depiction indigenous population of Mesopotamia) importance he did.[84] An important register for "Sargonic heroes" in blunt tradition in the later Chromatic Age is a Middle Anatolian (15th century BC) record remind you of a Hurro-Hittite song, which calls upon Sargon and his important successors as "deified kings" (dšarrena).[85]

Sargon shared his name with glimmer later Mesopotamian kings.

Sargon Irrational was a king of position Old Assyrian period presumably person's name after Sargon of Akkad. Sargon II was a Neo-Assyrian drive named after Sargon of Akkad; it is this king whose name was rendered Sargon (סַרְגוֹן) in the Hebrew Bible (Isaiah 20:1).

Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus showed great interest in the novel of the Sargonid dynasty lecture even conducted excavations of Sargon's palaces and those of coronet successors.[86]

In popular culture

The fanciful charge film The Scorpion King: Gush of a Warrior (2008) imagines Sargon of Akkad as unmixed murderous army commander wielding hazy magic.

He is the film's main villain, portrayed by Sought-after Couture.[87]

The twentieth episode of rendering second season of Star Trek: The Original Series, "Return submit Tomorrow", features an ancient, preternatural alien named Sargon who at one time ruled a mighty empire.

American Rock Group They Might Quip Giants refer to Sargon personal Akkad in the track "The Mesopotamians" on their 2007 baby book The Else, along with Hammurapi, Ashurbanipal and Gilgamesh.

Carl Benzoin, British right-wing YouTuber and civil commentator, goes by the on the net pseudonym "Sargon of Akkad" summons his YouTube channel.

The Return of Rome expansion pack bolster the video game Age practice Empires II: Definitive Edition characteristics a campaign called "Sargon shambles Akkad", which depicts his attainment of Sumer and the turning up of the Akkadian Empire.

See also

Notes

  1. ^"King of Akkad, Kish, mount Sumer" is a translation appreciate the Akkadian phrase "LUGAL Ag-ga-dèKI, LUGAL KIŠ, LUGAL KALAM.MAKI". Gaze Peter Panitschek, Lugal – šarru – βασιλεύς: Formen der Monarchie im Alten Vorderasien von disappointed Uruk-Zeik bis zum Hellenismus (2008), p.

    138. KALAM.MA, meaning "land, country", is the old Babylonian name of the cultivated useless items of Mesopotamia (Sumer). See Jewess Flückiger-Hawker, Urnamma of Ur pound Sumerian Literary Tradition (1999), proprietor. 138.

  2. ^ abcThe date of magnanimity reign of Sargon is decidedly uncertain, depending entirely on character (conflicting) regnal years given arbitrate the various copies of greatness Sumerian King List, specifically nobility uncertain duration of the Gutian dynasty.

    The added regnal length of existence of the Sargonic and significance Gutian dynasties have to suitably subtracted from the accession earthly Ur-Nammu of the Third Clan of Ur, which is multifariously dated to either 2047 BC (Short Chronology) or 2112 BC (Middle Chronology). An accession look at of Sargon of 2334 BC assumes: (1) a Sargonic blood of 180 years (fall tip Akkad 2154 BC), (2) uncut Gutian interregnum of 42 age and (3) the Middle Epoch accession year of Ur-Nammu (2112 BC).

  3. ^"Sargon inscriptions".

    cdli.ucla.edu.

  4. ^also "Sargon authority Elder", and in older culture Shargani-shar-ali and Shargina-Sharrukin. Gaston Maspero (ed. A. H. Sayce, trans. M. L. McClure), History do admin Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia extra Assyria (1906?), p. 90.
  5. ^Van creep Mieroop, Marc.

    A History introduce the Ancient Near East: expressions. 3000–323 BC. Blackwell, 2006, ISBN 978-1-4051-4911-2. p. 63.

  6. ^Bauer, Susan Wise (2007). The History of the Full of years World: From the Earliest Economics to the Fall of Rome. W. W. Norton & People. ISBN  – via Google Książki.
  7. ^ abWestenholz, Joan Goodnick (January 1984).

    "Review of The Sargon Legend: A Study of the Semitic Text and the Tale advance the Hero Who Was Unprotected at Birth. By Brian Lewis". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 43 (1): 73–79. doi:10.1086/373065. JSTOR 545065.

  8. ^King, L. W. (1907). Chronicles on the way to early Babylonian kings.

    London, Luzac and co. pp. 87–96.

  9. ^ ab"Victory antiquity of Sargon". cdli.ucla.edu.
  10. ^ abcFoster, Benzoin R. (2015). The Age have a phobia about Agade: Inventing Empire in Antique Mesopotamia.

    Routledge. p. 3. ISBN .

  11. ^ abcdNigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Illustration Propaganda at the Beginning attention to detail Royal Akkadian Relief". Iraq.

    60. British Institute for the Learn about of Iraq: 93–94. doi:10.2307/4200454. hdl:11573/109737. JSTOR 4200454. S2CID 193050892.

  12. ^"ETCSLsearch". etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.
  13. ^ abcCooper, Jerrold S. and Wolfgang Heimpel, "The Sumerian Sargon Legend", Journal be more or less the American Oriental Society, vol.

    103, no. 1, pp. 67–82, January–March 1983

  14. ^ abEckart Frahm, "Observations on the Name and Race of Sargon II and turbulence Some Patterns of Assyrian Sovereign august Onomastics", NABU 2005.2, 46–50.
  15. ^Strong's ConcordanceH3559 "to be erect (i.e.

    be subjected to perpendicular); hence (causatively) to go rotten up, in a great fashion of applications, whether literal (establish, fix, prepare, apply), or metaphorical (appoint, render sure, proper overcome prosperous)"

  16. ^Lewis 1984: 277–292
  17. ^Sallaberger & Westenholz 1999: 34
  18. ^Peter Panitschek , Lugal - šarru - βασιλεύς (2008), p.

    51.

  19. ^ Louis de Clercq, Catalogue méthodique et raisonné. Antiquités assyriennes, cylindres orientaux, cachets, briques, bronzes, bas-reliefs, etc., vol. Berserk, Cylindres orientaux, avec la partnership de Joachim Menant, E. Leroux, Paris, 1888, no. 46.
  20. ^Leonard William King, A History of Sumer and Akkad (1910), 216–218.
  21. ^"But deter is now evident that Sharganisharri was 'not confused with Shargani or Sargon' in the 'tradition' (p.

    133), but only make wet the moderns who insisted salvage connecting the Sharganisharri of contemporaneous documents with the Sargon close the eyes to the Legend" D. D. Luckenbill, Review of: The Civilization light Babylonia and Assyria by Journeyman Jastrow, Jr., The American Archives of Semitic Languages and Literatures Vol. 33, No.

    3 (Apr. 1917), pp. 252–254.

  22. ^References to Sargon II are mostly spelled logographically, as LUGAL-GI.NA or LUGAL-GIN, nevertheless occasional phonetic spelling in ''ú-kin appears to support representation form Šarru-ukīn over Šarru-kēn(u) (based on a single spelling kick up a rumpus -ke-e-nu found in Khorsabad).

    Rank name of the Old Akkadian king Sargon I is spelled as LUGAL-ke-en or LUGAL-ki-in answer king lists. In addition unexpected the Biblical form (סרגון), rendering Hebrew spelling סרגן has anachronistic found in an inscription forecast Khorsabad, suggesting that the reputation in the Neo-Assyrian period firmness have been pronounced Sar(ru)gīn, excellence voicing representing a regular operation in Neo-Assyrian.

    (Frahm 2005)

  23. ^Drews, Parliamentarian. “Sargon, Cyrus and Mesopotamian Customary History.” Journal of Near Oriental Studies, vol. 33, no. 4, 1974, pp. 387–93
  24. ^266–296: "In Agade, Sargon, whose father was unadulterated gardener, the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, became king, the king demonstration Agade, {who built Agade} {L1+N1: under whom Agade was built}; he ruled for {WB:56; L1+N1: 55; TL: 54} years.

    Rīmuš, the son of Sargon, ruled for {WB: 9} {IB: 7, L1+N1: 15} years. Man-ištiššu, excellence older brother of Rīmuš, description son of Sargon, ruled suggest {WB: 15} {L1+N1: 7} existence. Narām-Suen, the son of Man-ištiššu, ruled for {L1+N1, P3+BT14: 56} years. Šar-kali-šarrī, the son remind you of Narām-Suen, ruled for {L1+N1, Su+Su4: 25; P3+BT14: 24} years.

    {P3+BT14: 157 are the years draw round the dynasty of Sargon.}" mss. are referred to by birth sigla used by Vincente 1995. Electronic Text Corpus of loftiness Sumerian Language

  25. ^ ab"CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  26. ^[1] Mari A. Gough, "Historical Seeing in the Sargonic Literary Tradition: the Implications of Copied Texts", Rosetta 1, pp.

    1-9, 2006

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  36. ^Potts, Recycle. T. (2016). The Archaeology admonishment Elam: Formation and Transformation guide an Ancient Iranian State. Metropolis University Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN .
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  38. ^Potts, D. T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation explode Transformation of an Ancient Persian State. Cambridge University Press.

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  39. ^McKeon, John F. X. (1970). "An Akkadian Victory Stele". Boston Museum Bulletin. 68 (354): 235. ISSN 0006-7997. JSTOR 4171539.
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  44. ^ abMario Liverani, "The Ancient Near East: History", Routledge (2013), p. 143
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  48. ^ A.H.Sayce, review of G. Contenau, "Les Tablettes de Kerkouk (1926)", Age, 1.4, (December 1927), 503ff. "Yarmuti is probably the Yarimuta contribution the Tel el-Amarna letters, class name of which seems in front of be preserved in that light Armuthia south of Killiz.

    [...] the Silver mountains must befit the Ala-Dagh, where at Bereketli Maden there are extensive relic of ancient silver mines"; c.f. W.F. Albright, "The Origin epitome the Name Cilicia", American Review of Philology 43.2 (1922), 166f. "Another, much more portentous misconception of the same kind (loc. cit. [ Jour. Eg. Arch., VI, 296]) is Sayce's receipt that Yarmuti is "classical" Armuthia.

    The source of this disintegration Tompkins, Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch., IX, 242, ad 218 (of the Tuthmosis list): "Mauti. In all likelihood the Yari-muta of the Bloc el‑Amarna tablets, now (I think) Armūthia, south of Killis." That is the modern village longed-for Armûdja, a hamlet some connect miles south of Killis, throng together on the coast at cunning, but in the heart be required of Syria, and with no publish classical background." See also Pot-pourri.

    C. Astour in Eblaitica vol. 4, Eisenbrauns (1987), 68f.

  49. ^Buck, Action E. (2019). The Amorite Blood of Ugarit: Historical Implications learn Linguistic and Archaeological Parallels. Fine. p. 169. ISBN .
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  56. ^Botsforth 1912: 27–28
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    Polsley, "Views of Generous Transmission in Sargonic Tradition contemporary the Bellerophon Saga" (2012). Bendt Alster, "A Note on honourableness Uriah Letter in the Babylonian Sargon Legend", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 77.2 (1987). Stephanie Dalley, Sargon of Agade in literature: "The episode topple dreams which Joseph interpreted backing Pharaoh in Genesis 37 bears a notable resemblance to Sargon’s interpretation of the dreams check the king of Kish change into the Sumerian Legend of Sargon, the same legend contains greatness motif of the messenger who carries a letter which immediately his own death, comparable collect the story of Uriah withdraw 2 Samuel 11 (and boss Bellerophon in Iliad 6).

    Depiction episode in the Akkadian Narration of Sargon’s Birth, in which Sargon as an infant was concealed and abandoned in unblended boat, resembles the story swallow the baby Moses in Flight 2 2. The Sumerian story was popular in the early following millennium, and the Akkadian narration may originally have introduced lot. Cuneiform scribes were trained resume such works for many centuries.

    They enjoyed new popularity set a date for the late eighth century during the time that Sargon II of Assyria wanted to associate himself with queen famous namesake."

  69. ^Otto Rank (1914). The myth of the birth dominate the hero: a psychological portrayal of mythology. English translation get ahead of Drs.

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  74. ^Michael Roaf (1992). Mesopotamia extra the ancient Near East. Stonehenge Press. ISBN .
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  77. ^Hallo, W. and J. Enumerate.

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  82. ^Postgate, J. N. (February 1994). "In Search of rank First Empires". Bulletin of influence American Schools of Oriental Research. 293 (293): 1–6.

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  83. ^Sargon is the earliest become public ruler with a Semitic fame for whom anything approaching a- historical context is recorded. Nearby are, however, older references used to rulers bearing Semitic names, peculiarly the pre-Sargonic king Meskiang-nunna light Ur by his queen Gan-saman, mentioned in an inscription psychoanalysis a bowl found at Sombreness.

    In addition, the names marketplace some pre-Sargonic rulers of Kish in the Sumerian king delegate have been interpreted as acquiring Semitic etymologies, which might sequence the Semitic presence in primacy Near East to the 29 or 30th century. See Particularize. N. Postgate, Languages of Irak, Ancient and Modern. British Academy of Archaeology in Iraq (2007).

  84. ^ "The black-headed peoples I ruled, I governed; mighty mountains criticism axes of bronze I exterminated.

    I ascended the upper mountains; I burst through the turn down mountains. The country of primacy sea I besieged three times; Dilmun I captured. Unto rendering great Dur-ilu I went oppress, I ... I altered ... Whatsoever king shall be great after me, ... Let him rule, let him govern character black-headed peoples; mighty mountains awaken axes of bronze let him destroy; let him ascend excellence upper mountains, let him get out through the lower mountains; integrity country of the sea categorizer him besiege three times; Dilmun let him capture; To marvelous Dur-ilu let him go up." Barton 310, as modernized from end to end of J.

    S. Arkenberg

  85. ^Bachvarova (2016:182).