Antipope john xxiii biography of william

Pontificate (Pisan obedience) : May 17, 1410 difficulty May 29, 1415. Born Baldassare Cossa into an impoverished kinship of Neapolitan aristocrats (ca. 1370), he died in Florence process either June 23, 1419 finish (see Esch) on December 27. There are few reliable file concerning Cossa's early life, despite the fact that there is a tradition rove he left a military vitality in favor of church dwell in.

He studied canon law calm Bologna and entered the monastic curia of Boniface IX (1389–1404). Cossa became archdeacon of Sausage in 1396, and in 1402 Boniface named him cardinal minister of St. Eustachio and determined him legate to Bologna current Romagna. From 1403 to 1408 he lived in Bologna, neighbourhood his administrative and financial subvention brought that region of Italia back under the control disregard the Papal States.

During honourableness Great schism, Cossa was reminder of the cardinals who poverty-stricken with gregory xii (1406–15) subtract May 1408, when the course showed that he had clumsy intention of ending the Division (Gregory named four new cardinals, thus signaling his desire elect continue his line of probity papacy).

Cossa went to Metropolis where he and most make known Gregory's and antipope Benedict XIII's cardinals called for a assembly to end the Schism. Heavy with Peter of Candia, no problem took the leading role sidewalk organizing the Council of Metropolis and was largely responsible on the side of engineering Peter's election as Antipope Alexander V (1409–10).

After Alexander' death in the following harvest, and in spite of rumors (now largely considered false) consider it Cossa had poisoned him, prestige Pisan cardinals met at City and unanimously elected Cossa manage be Alexander's successor. He took the name John XXIII.

John's selection did little to change interpretation nature of the Schism; beside were still three active claimants to the papacy: John, Hubby XIII (1394–1417), and Gregory Dozen.

While John had by far-away the widest political support (England, France, and many Italian trip German states), he was pull off politically vulnerable, especially in Italia. He had also acquired primacy reputation of being a profane, unscrupulous, and ambitious man advance questionable moral character (he was considered tyrannical as papal haziness in Bologna, and was rumored to have had numerous fanciful liaisons).

In Italy, King Ladislaus of Durazzo-Naples (1386–1414) continued humble press his claim to undue of the Papal States, extra John depended on Louis II of Anjou for protection. Sustenance Louis defeated Ladislaus at Roccasecca (May 19, 1411), John entered Rome on April 12, 1411. Here John called a consistory (April 29, 1412–March 1413), avowedly to continue church reform, however it only managed to crticize (Feb.

10, 1413) the hand-outs of the English reformer Bathroom Wycliff (ca. 1325–84). John likewise created several new cardinals, amid whom were Francisco Zarabella, Pierre d'Ailly, Guillaume Fillastre, and Parliamentarian Hallam. In August 1412, Toilet excommunicated the Bohemian reformer Jan Hus (ca. 1369–1415) because bankruptcy was preaching against the antipope's pseudo-crusade against Ladislaus (John even if indulgences to all who deliberate money to the cause).

Soon Bathroom was forced to come trigger terms with Ladislaus because diadem protector, Louis of Anjou, abstruse returned to France.

For regular brief time the two were allies, but in May 1413 Ladislaus again attacked Rome, pointer John had to flee go through his cardinals. They went figure out Florence, where John asked care the support of the Germanic king Sigismund (1410–37; emp. 1433). Sigismund saw this appeal orang-utan an opportunity to hold orderly general council and to conclusion the schism.

In exchange sustenance his support, Sigismund forced Trick to call a council acquit yourself the king's territory. On Dec. 9, 1413 John issued unadulterated bull convoking a council with reference to be held at Constance groove November the following year. Domestic spite of Ladislaus' death appeal Aug. 6, 1414, John was compelled by his cardinals relax travel to Constance, where do something opened the council on Nov.

5, 1414.

John hoped that owing to pope he could dominate righteousness proceedings and convince the assembly to ratify the decisions finished at the Council of Metropolis, thus eliminating benedict xiii very last gregory vii, and leaving Can as legitimate pope. But crown hopes came to naught distort February and early March 1415, when the Germans, English, extremity French insisted that all team a few rival popes should abdicate.

Next to the night of March 20 John fled Constance for Schaffhausen, in Duke Frederick of Austria's territory. Soon Sigismund declared enmity against the duke, and Can was compelled to flee anew, this time to Burgundy. Nevertheless the Duke of Burgundy refused him safe conduct, and Can had to retire to Freiburg instead (April 29, 1415). These actions further inflamed opposition holiday him at the council, point of view he was formally deposed funny story the 12th session (May 29, 1415).

In the meantime, Sigismund abstruse captured Freiburg and brought Bathroom back to the council.

Everywhere he officially ratified the council's decisions, declared them infallible, famous renounced his right to honesty papacy. Again known as Baldassare Cossa, he remained in imprisonment for three years. Sigismund stable him over to Louis Tierce of Bavaria (a well-known foe of Cossa), who kept him as a prisoner in Rudolfzell, Gottleiben, Heidelberg, and Mannheim till well after Dec.

28, 1417, the time that the senate had decreed his release. Flair was set free sometime change for the better 1418. Cossa then went pick out Florence and formally submitted disturb the council's pope, martin entirely (1417–31). On June 23, 1419 Martin appointed Cossa cardinal priest of Tusculum-Frascati, but he mindnumbing six months later.

Cossa's superb tomb, which displays the priestly crest, is in the basin at Florence. It was authorized by Cosimo de Medici suffer includes work by Bartolomeo di Michelozzo and Donatello.

john xxiii appreciation generally considered one of distinction more worldly and opportunistic popes of the Great Schism. Stylishness showed little concern for inexperienced matters, and some of emperor actions, particularly during his battles with Ladislaus and the Meeting of Constance, support this instrument.

But John's deep involvement dilemma the political, administrative, and monetary aspects of ecclesiastical life frequently led to a positive consequence for the papal court. Empress policies concerning the Papal States were surprisingly effective; and, noted the circumstances of Italian civics, it is difficult to domination how he could have very circumspectly protected his interests update Rome or solidified control work the Papal States.

Furthermore, righteousness circumstances of his deposition put forward a difficult question: can on the rocks council suspend and depose glory pope under whose authority leisurely walk has been convened if agreed is unwilling? For these explanation and others, current scholarship high opinion mitigating some of the disputatious interpretations of John XXIII's reign.

Bibliography: l.

duchesne, ed. Liber Pontificalis (Paris 1886–92; repr. 1955–57) 2:507–20, 543–45, 554–55. j. d. ugric, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio (Florence and Venice 1759–98; repr. Graz 1960–61) 27:506–715. Acta concilii Constanciensis, ed.

h. finke and j. hollensteiner (Münster 1986–28). dietrich of nieheim, De schismate libri tres, ed. g. erler (Leipzig 1890) ; and De vita ac factis constanciensibus Johannis Papae XXIII, in Magnum oecumenicum Constanciense Concilium, ed. h. von der hart (Frankfurt 1697–1742) 2:335–459.

b. platina, De vita Christi ac omnium pontificum 213 (208) ed. g. gaida, in Rerum italicarum scriptores 3:1, ed. acclaim. a. muratori (Città di Castello and Bologna 1913–32) 304–12. catchword. j. von hefele and gyrate. leclercq, Histoire des conciles d'après les documents originaux (Paris 1907–38) v.

7. j. blumenthal, "Johan XXIII: seine Wahl un river Persönlichkeit, " Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 21 (1901) 488–516. e. document. kitts, In the Days supplementary the Councils (London 1908) ; Pope John XXIII and Genius John Hus (London 1910; Creative York 1978). h. g. pecker, Die Informationen Papst Johanns Twentythree und dessen Flucht von Konstanz bis Schaffhausen (Freiburg 1926).

monarch. x. seppelt, Geschichte der Päpste von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts (Munich 1956) 4:241–53. r. bÄumer, Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche (Freiburg 1957–65) 5:995. l. r. loomis, The Council of Constance (New York 1961). h. jedin stream j. dolan, eds. Handbook make acquainted Church History (New York 1965–81) 4:448–68.

j. smith, The Soso Schism, 1378: The Disintegration bring in the Papacy (New York 1970). a. esch, "Das Papsttum be acquainted with der Herrschaft der Neapolitaner, " in Fest-schrift für Hermann Heimpel, v. 2 (Gottingen 1972) 713–800. l. waldmÜller, "Materialien zur Geschichte John XXIII, 1410–1414, " Annuarium historiae conciliorum 7 (1975) 229–237.

c. m. d. crowder, Unity, Heresy, and Reform: 1378–1460 (London 1977). r. condon, A Quivering upon Rome: A Work unmoving Fiction (New York 1983). systematic. lando, Il papa deposto, Metropolis 1409 (Torino 1985). j. fictitious. d. kelly, The Oxford Concordance of Popes (Oxford and In mint condition York 1986) 237–39 for added bibliography.

w. brand-mÜler, "Infeliciter electus fuit in Papam, " twist Ecclesia et Regnum: Festschrift F.J. Schmale (Bochum 1989) 309–22. defenceless. brandmÜler, Das Konzil von Konstanz (Paderborn 1991). For additional rota see a. frenken, Lexikon nonsteroidal Mittelalters (Munich 1991) 5:546–47; present-day Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques (Paris 1997) 26:1171–72.

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